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13 protocols using nile red solution

1

Localization of Mogrol Biosynthesis Pathway

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Gene localization of the mogrol biosynthesis pathway was observed in strain CEN-PK2-1C. Strain CEN-PK2-1C was transformed by plasmids pY15-SgCDS-GFP, pY15-SgEPH3-GFP, pY15-CYP87D18-GFP-mCherry-SEC12, and pY15-AtCPR1-GFP-mCherry-SEC12, thereby yielding strains LMOR001, LMOR002, LMOR003 and LMOR004. These strains were streaked onto an SD-Leu plate and cultured at 30°C for 2 days. Later, a single colony was picked into a 2 ml SD-Leu medium, cultured at 30°C and 220 rpm for 24 h, and washed twice with 1× phosphate-buffered saline (0.8% NaCl, 0.02% KCl, 0.144% Na2HPO4, and 0.024% KH2PO4, pH 7.4). Subsequently, 2-μL preparations were directly plated on slides. Strain LMOR001 culture was stained with Nile red solution in acetone (1:10, v/v; 1 mg/ml; Solarbio) and incubated for 60 min in the dark at 25°C to further confirm the specific distribution of SgCDS.
Fluorescence imaging was performed on a Nikon C-HGF microscope with a ×100 oil immersion objective. GFP fluorescence (excitation, 490 nm; emission, 530 nm), mCherry fluorescence (excitation, 580 nm; emission, 615 nm), and Nile red fluorescence (excitation, 561 nm; emission, 615 nm) were detected by microscopy. Image analysis was carried out on the Leica TCS SP8 software package and ImageJ (NIH).
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2

Lipid Droplet Visualization Protocols

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Being inducted for 14 days, cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, washed with PBS three times, and stained with Oil Red O (ORO) solution for 15 to 30 min (71 (link)). ORO stock solution was made with 0.5 g ORO (O8010, Solarbio) and 100 ml isopropyl alcohol. Six parts of saturated stock solution were dissolved in four parts of water to make the working fluid. Lipid droplets were visualized under the microscope (Olympus BX53).
Frozen tissue slices were managed following the tissue immunofluorescent staining procedure and then stained with Nile Red solution (N8440, Solarbio) for 10 min at 37 °C and DAPI before mounting. Images were captured by scanning confocal microscopy (FV3000, Olympus).
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3

Lipid Staining in HepG2 and AML12 Cells

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HepG2 and AML12 cells were first pretreated with FFA as described above. After three
washes using PBS, the cells were stained for 15 min after fixation with 4% formaldehyde
using 0.05 μg/ml Nile red solution (Solarbio). The cell nuclei were stained using 496
diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Yeasen). The microscopic pictures were captured using an
electron microscope (Zeiss).
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4

Lipid Droplet Visualization and Cell Viability Assay

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To visualize the intracellular lipid droplets, AML-12 cells were washed by sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS), and then stained with Nile Red solution (0.1 mg/mL; #N8440, Solarbio, Beijing, China) at 37 °C for 20 min. After that, cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 10 min, and then counterstained with DAPI (5 μg/mL; Sigma–Aldrich) for 10 min. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay was conducted as described in previous report22 (link). After drug treatment, Hoechst 33342 (5 μg/mL; Sigma–Aldrich) and propidium iodide (5 μg/mL; Sigma–Aldrich) were added to each well to stain live cells. Quantifications of apoptotic ratio were conducted as previously described23 (link).
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5

Nile Red Staining of Lipid Droplets

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Cultured cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution in 6-well plates, and washed in 1 × PBS prior to staining with Nile Red solution (7385-67-3, Solarbio, Beijing, China) diluted 1:100 with PBS for 20 min in the dark. Samples were then washed twice with PBS, and stained with DAPI. Images were acquired by IF microscopy. Tissues were cryosectioned, and a histochemical pen was used to draw a circle around the tissue to prevent the incubation solution from flowing away in subsequent processing. The other steps for Nile Red staining of tissues were the same as those used for cells.
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6

Adipocyte Lipid Quantification Protocol

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The sufficiently homogenized tissues were fixed in 6-well plates with 4% paraformaldehyde solution, washed with PBS and stained with Nile Red solution (7385-67-3, Solarbio, Beijing, China) in the dark. In IF microscopy, images were acquired after the samples were washed twice with PBS and stained with DAPI.
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7

Visualizing Lipid Droplets in Cells

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Differentiated primary satellite cells were pre-treated with free fatty acids as described above. Cells were then washed three times with PBS, fixed with 4% formaldehyde and stained for 15 min with 0.05 μg/ml Nile red solution (Solarbio, China, N8440) to visualize lipid droplets. Cell nuclei were counterstained with 496 diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Yeasen, China) and images were acquired using a fluorescent microscope (Zeiss Germany).
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8

Fluorescent Lipid Imaging in Oocytes

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With slight modifications according to the previous method [38 (link)], oocytes were washed in 0.1% PVA-PBS, incubated with 10 μg/mL Nile red solution (Solarbio, Beijing, China) for 10 min, and observed under the epifluorescence inverted microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) connected to a DSRi1 camera (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan). Fluorescent images were analyzed by the EZ-C1 Free Viewer software (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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9

Lipid Staining and Microscopic Imaging

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After the tissues were homogenized, the cells were placed in 6-well plates with 4% paraformaldehyde solution, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and stained with Nile red solution (7385-67-3; Solarbio, Beijing, China) in the dark. Images were acquired using IF microscopy after the samples had been subjected to two PBS washes and stained with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
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10

Lipid Droplet Visualization in CRC Cells

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CRC cells grown on coverslips were fixed with 4% (wt/vol) paraformaldehyde (PFA; Sangon Biotech, Shanghai, China) for 15 min and stained with 3 mg/mL Oil Red O solution (Yuanye, Shanghai, China) for 30 min. After nuclear counterstaining with hematoxylin (Yuanye, Shanghai, China), lipid droplet was visualized under a microscopy (Olympus, DP73, Tokyo, Japan) and evaluated using Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA).
Similarly, CRC cells grown on coverslips were fixed with 4% (wt/vol) PFA for 15 min and stained with 2 μmol/L Nile Red solution (Solarbio, Beijing, China) for 30 min. Subsequently, the nuclei were stained with 4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA), and immunofluorescence signals were visualized under confocal microscopy (ZEISS, LSM880, Oberkochen, Germany).
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