Nvp aam077

Fluo-5F and Alexa Fluor 594 were from Molecular Probes. MNI-caged-L-glutamate, Ifenprodil, Ro 25-6981 and TTX were purchased from Tocris (Ellisville, MO). NVP-AAM077 was from Sigma. Imaging dyes and MNI-caged-L-glutamate/blockers were introduced to the pipette and the artificial cerebrospinal fluid, respectively.

Mice received intra-amygdala infusion (0.5 μL per side) of ODN (400 pmol), threo ifenprodil hemitartrate (2.5 μg, Tocris Bioscience), anisomycin (62.5 μg, Sigma) or NVP-AAM077 (0.2 μg, Sigma). The volume of drugs that we used spreads within only the BLA in previous studies43 (link)44 (link). The solutions were dissolved in PBS or 100 mM DMSO (WAKO, JAPAN), and PBS, DMSO was used as vehicle solution. Infusions were made over 2 min, and the infusion cannulas (28 gauge, extending 0.5 mm below the guide cannula) were left in place for at least 2 min afterwards in order to facilitate the diffusion of solutions throughout the amygdala.

Hippocampal slices were incubated with KCl (20 mM, Sigma). The following drugs were used to modulate NMDA receptor activity: NR2A antagonist [(R)-[(S)-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethylamino]-(2,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalin-5-yl)-methyl]-phosphonic acid (PEAQX or NVP-AAM077), Sigma; NR2B antagonist 4-[2-[4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1-piperidinyl]-1-hydroxypropyl]phenol (ifenprodil), Sigma. Drugs were reconstituted with sterile H₂O and diluted in Neurobasal media.

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), glycine, strychnine, bicuculline methochloride, 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo [f] quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX), NVP-AAM077, (+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a, b)cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate (MK-801), poly-l-lysine, and cytarabine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Leptin was purchased from Abcam (San Francisco, CA, USA). Ro25-6981 and tetrodotoxin were purchased from Tocris (Ellisville, MI, USA). All drugs were dissolved in water or saline.

Ginsenosides Rd, Rb1, Rb2, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, and Rh2 were obtained from Tai-He Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Guangzhou, China), and relative information was summarized in Supplementary Table 1. Stock solutions of ginsenosides were prepared in saline containing 10% propanediol (v/v). 4-AP, AP-5, bicuculline, CNQX, FK506, glycine, Gö6983, nifedipine, NMDA, and NVP-AAM077 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ifenprodil and TTX were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville. Mo, UK). CK59, DAPK inhibitor (DAPKi, (4Z)-4-(3-Pyridylmethylene)-2-styryl-oxazol-5-one), and PP2 were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Cyclosporin A (CsA) was from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Stock solutions of 4-AP, AP-5, bicuculline, glycine, Ifenprodil, NMDA, NVP-AAM077, and TTX were prepared in distilled water, and those of CK59, CNQX, CsA, DAPKi, FK506, Gö6983, nifedipine, and PP2 were prepared in DMSO. All these drugs were diluted to their final concentrations in the corresponding extracellular solution just before each experiment. The final concentration of DMSO was maintained at ≤0.1%.

LBP was dissolved in DDW at a concentration of 100 mg/ml to prepare a stock solution, and the LBP working solution was diluted to 100 mg/l based on a previous study (Ho et al., 2009 (link)). D-serine (S4250, Sigma) was first dissolved in DDW as stock solution (200 mM). A stock solution of NVP-AAM077 (P1999, Sigma) was prepared in DMSO (100 μM). Based on other studies (Martin et al., 2003 (link); Tovar et al., 2013 (link)), the working concentration of D-serine was 200 μM and NVP-AAM077 was 100 nM.