P515 535 emitter detector module

Manufactured by Walz

Sourced in Germany

The P515/535 emitter-detector module is a compact and versatile component designed for use in various laboratory and industrial applications. It features an infrared emitter and a corresponding detector, allowing for the detection and measurement of various parameters based on the interaction between the emitted light and the target. The module provides a reliable and consistent output signal, making it a valuable tool for researchers and engineers.

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Lab products found in correlation

Dual pam 100, by Walz (4 mentions)

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P515/535 module (5 citations)

5 protocols using p515 535 emitter detector module

Proton-motive Force and Thylakoid Conductivity

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The electrochromic shift signal (ECS) was monitored as the Δ550‐515 nm absorbance change, and the q_E signal was recorded at 535 nm as described in Wilson et al. (2021 (link)) using the Dual‐PAM‐100 (Heinz Walz) equipped with the P515/535 emitter‐detector module (Heinz Walz) and coupled to the GFS‐3000 gas‐exchange unit with the Dual‐3010 gas‐exchange cuvette (Heinz Walz). After 40 min of dark adaptation, a single turnover flash was first applied to record the ECS_ST value. After that, the leaf was subjected to 3 min light/3 min dark intervals with red actinic light of stepwise increasing irradiance from 60 to 1500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The proton‐motive force (pmf) was estimated from the amplitude of the rapid ECS decay upon the light‐to‐dark shift normalised for ECS_ST. The proton conductivity of the thylakoid membrane (g_H+) was calculated as the inverse time constant of the first‐order exponential ECS decay (Kramer & Crofts, 1989 ).

Heyno E., Ermakova M., Lopez‐Calcagno P.E., Woodford R., Brown K.L., Matthews J.S., Osmond B., Raines C.A, & von Caemmerer S. (2022). Rieske FeS overexpression in tobacco provides increased abundance and activity of cytochrome b 6 f. Physiologia Plantarum, 174(6), e13803.

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Measuring Photosynthetic Proton Gradients

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A Dual-PAM 100 equipped with a P515/535 emitter-detector module (Heinz Walz) was used measure the electrochromic shift (ECS) signals. After light adaptation at 1455 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ for 5 min, leaves were illuminated at 59 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ for 2 min. Afterwards, light intensity was changed to 1455 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹, and ECS dark interval relaxation kinetics (DIRK_ECS) were recorded after this light transition for 10 s or 60 s. The proton gradient (ΔpH) component of proton motive force were calculated using DIRK_ECS [50 (link),51 (link)]. The chloroplast ATP synthase activity (g_H⁺) was estimated as the inverse of the decay time constant of the first-order ECS relaxation [52 (link)].

Shi Q., Sun H., Timm S., Zhang S, & Huang W. (2022). Photorespiration Alleviates Photoinhibition of Photosystem I under Fluctuating Light in Tomato. Plants, 11(2), 195.

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Monitoring Proton Gradient Dynamics

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The ECS signal was monitored as the absorbance change at 515 nm using a Dual-PAM-100 (Walz, Effeltrich, Germany) equipped with a P515/535 emitter-detector module (Walz). The ECS signal was obtained after 20 min of illumination at 54 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1, afterwards, the ECS decay was measured by switching off the actinic light for 30 s. The analysis of ECS dark interval relaxation kinetics (DIRK_ECS) was done by the method of Sacksteder et al. (2001) (link) and Takizawa et al. (2008) (link). Total pmf was estimated from the total amplitude of the rapid decay of the ECS signal during 300 ms dark interval. The slow relaxation of ECS signal enabled to recognize the contribution of proton gradient across the thylakoid membranes (ΔpH). The time constant of the first-order ECS relaxation (τ_ECS) is inversely proportional to the proton conductivity (g_H⁺) of the thylakoid membrane through the ATP synthase (Sacksteder and Kramer, 2000 (link); Cruz et al., 2005 (link)). As a result, g_H⁺ was estimated as the inverse of the decay time constant [1/τ_ECS].

Huang W., Yang Y.J., Zhang S.B, & Liu T. (2018). Cyclic Electron Flow around Photosystem I Promotes ATP Synthesis Possibly Helping the Rapid Repair of Photodamaged Photosystem II at Low Light. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 239.

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Proton Flux Dynamics from ECS Signals

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The ECS signal was monitored as the change in absorbance at 515 nm, which was measured with a Dual-PAM-100 that was equipped with a P515/535 emitter-detector module (Heinz Walz). After illumination at 54 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1 for 20 min, ECS decay was measured by switching off the actinic light for 30 s. The analysis of ECS dark interval relaxation kinetics was performed according to the methods of Sacksteder et al. (2001) (link) and Takizawa et al. (2008) (link). Total pmf was estimated from the total amplitude of the rapid decay of the ECS signal during a 300-ms dark interval. Slow relaxation of the ECS signal was used to recognize the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane (ΔpH). The time constant for first-order ECS relaxation (τ_ECS) is inversely proportional to the proton conductivity (g_H⁺) of the thylakoid membrane through ATP synthase (Sacksteder and Kramer, 2000 (link); Cruz et al., 2005 (link)). This allowed us to estimate g_H⁺ as the inverse of the decay time constant [1/τ_ECS]. The relative light-driven proton flux (v_H+) was obtained by using the initial slope of the ECS relaxation.

Huang W., Zhang S.B, & Liu T. (2018). Moderate Photoinhibition of Photosystem II Significantly Affects Linear Electron Flow in the Shade-Demanding Plant Panax notoginseng. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 637.

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Electrochromic Shift Analysis for Proton Dynamics

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Electrochromic shift was measured using a Dual-PAM analyzer with a P515/535 emitter/detector module (Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) (Klughammer et al., 2013) (link). Plants were dark-adapted for at least 1 h prior to measurements. Proton motive force (pmf) was calculated from the decay of the P515 signal when 635 nm AL was turned off, by fitting a single exponential decay to the first 300 ms in the dark to determine the span of the signal decay (ECSt). pmf was normalized by dividing ECSt by the magnitude of a 50 µs ST flash applied prior to account for leaf thickness and chloroplast density (Takizawa et al., 2007; Livingston et al., 2010a; Wang et al., 2015; Takagi et al., 2017) . The proton conductance gH + was calculated as the inverse of the decay time constant 𝜏ECS of the single exponential decay and proton flux was calculated as vH + = pmf x gH + (Baker et al., 2007) .

Degen G.E., Jackson P.J., Proctor M.S., Zoulias N., Casson S.A, & Johnson M.P. (2023). High cyclic electron transfer via the PGR5 pathway in the absence of photosynthetic control. Plant physiology, 192(1).

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