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13 protocols using fluorescein avidin dcs

1

Chromosomal Analysis via GISH and FISH

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GISH and FISH were performed according to the methods of Huang et al. (2011) and Zhang et al. (2007a) . Detection of biotin-labeled probes was carried out with fluorescein avidin DCS (Vector). Chromosomes were then counterstained with PI (Vector). Slides were examined with a Nikon Eclipse-600 epifluorescence microscope equipped with a CCD camera, and the signals were collected using appropriate filter sets for FITC and PI. The digital images were analyzed with a Lucia-FISH Image System Software. At least 10 complete metaphase chromosome spreads were examined for each sample.
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2

Immunohistochemical Tissue Staining Protocol

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Paraffin sections were deparaffinized with Histoclear and ethanol, antigen was retrieved by incubation in 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 95 °C for 20 min. Slides were incubated in 0.9% H2O2 for 30 min and afterwards placed in blocking buffer (Rabbit IgG, no. PK-6101; Vector Lab) for 30–60 min at room temperature. Livers were further blocked with Avidin/Biotin (Vector Lab, no. SP-2001) for 15 min each. MAFs were washed briefly with PBS and fixed for 10 min with 2% paraformaldehyde dissolved in PBS. Cells were permeabilized for 45 min with PBG. Primary antibodies were applied overnight at 4 °C. Slides were washed three times with PBS and incubated for 30 min with secondary antibody (no. PK-6101; Vector Lab). Antibodies were detected using rabbit peroxidase ABC Kit (no. PK-6101; Vector Lab) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Substrate was developed using NovaRed (no. SK-4800; Vector Lab) or DAB (no. SK4100, Vector Lab). Sections were counterstained with haematoxylin. For IF, sections were treated as before and after the secondary antibody incubation Fluorescein Avidin DCS (1:500 in PBS, no. A-2011, Vector Lab) was applied for 20 min. For IF on MAFs, Alexa Fluor secondary antibody (1:2,000; Molecular Probes) was applied for 30 min at room temperature. Sections or cells were stained with DAPI for 5–10 min and mounted in vectashield mounting media.
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3

Telomere Damage Assessment via γH2A.X

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Sections of paraffin-embedded liver were mounted on glass slides and processed for γH2A.X staining on telomere regions as previously described (43 (link)). γH2A.X antibody was purchased from Cell Signaling. Biotinylated secondary antibody and Fluorescein Avidin DCS were purchased from Vector Laboratories. Following γH2A.X immunofluorescence, telomere immunoFISH was performed using Cy-3–labeled telomere-specific (CCCTAA) peptide nucleic acid probe (Panagene, Daejeon, KR). Counter-staining was done with DAPI and images were taken and in-depth Z stacking was used (a minimum of 40 optical slices with ×63 objective).
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4

Immunofluorescent Labeling of hAECs in Brain Post-TBI

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PFA-fixed coronal brain sections (10 ​μm) were thaw-mounted onto Superfrost™ plus slides (Thermo Scientific, USA) and immunofluorescently labeled with HLA-G to identify the presence of hAECs in the brain following TBI. Sections were fixed in 4% PFA for 5 ​min, washed in 0.01 ​M PBS (2 ​× ​5 ​min), and then blocked with a Mouse on Mouse (M.O.M.™) Ig blocking reagent (Vector Laboratories, USA) for 1 ​h. Following wash with 0.01 ​M PBS (2 ​× ​2 ​min), sections were incubated in M.O.M.™ diluent (Vector Laboratories, USA) for 5 ​min, prior to HLA-G antibody incubation for 30 ​min (1:500; Ab52455; Abcam, UK). Sections were then washed with 0.01 ​M PBS (2 ​× ​2 ​min) and incubated with M.O.M Biotinylated Anti-Mouse IgG reagent (Vector Laboratories, USA) for 10 ​min. Following washes with 0.01 ​M PBS (2 ​× ​2 ​min), fluorescein-Avidin DCS (Vector Laboratories, USA) was applied for 5 ​min. Sections were then washed with 0.01 ​M PBS (2 ​× ​5 ​min), cover-slipped with Vectashield DAPI® (Vector Laboratories, USA), and examined with an Olympus fluorescence microscope. Positive HLA-G stains were confirmed upon co-localization with DAPI+ nuclei.
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5

Dual-color FISH Chromosome Analysis

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Dual-color FISH experiments on G-banded metaphase chromosomes were performed as described by Yang and Graphodatsky [26 ]. Digoxigenin-labeled and biotin-labeled probes were detected with CyTM3 anti-digoxin (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., West Grove, PA), fluorescein avidin DCS, biotinilated anti-avidin D (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA), respectively. Images were captured with a Baumer Optronics CCD Camera (Baumer Ltd., Southington, CT, USA) mounted on an Olympus BX53 microscope (Olympus, Shinjuku, Japan) and processed using VideoTesT 2.0 Image Analysis System (Zenit, St. Petersburg, Russia).
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6

Double immunofluorescence staining of ITGA7 and α-syn

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After incubation with primary antibodies and then with biotinylated anti-mouse IgG, each section was treated with fluorescein avidin DCS (Vector Laboratories, Burlington, ON, CA) for ITGA7 (1:100) and α-syn (1:200). Subsequently, sections were treated with an avidin/biotin blocking kit and a M.O.M mouse Ig blocking reagent (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA), followed by staining with anti-α-syn or anti-Itga7 IgG at 4 °C overnight. Each section was treated with biotinylated anti-mouse IgG, followed by incubation with rhodamine avidin D (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). Images were obtained using a Nikon X-cite series 120 Q microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan), and the exposure parameters were the same for each group of samples.
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7

Multicolor Immunofluorescence Staining for Endothelial Markers

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EMCN (Santa Cruz, sc-65495, 1:100), GFP (Abcam, ab6673, 1:500), PECAM1 (BD Pharmingen, 550274, 1:100), NPR3 (Santa Cruz, sc-515449, 1:100), IB4 (Sigma, L-2140, 1:50), VEGFR3 (R&D, AF743, 1:100), SNAI2 (Cell Signaling, 9585S, 1:100), TGFBR3 (R&D, AF242-PB, 1:100), GATA2 (R&D, AF2046, 1:100), and NICD (Cell Signaling, 4147S, 1:100) were used. The secondary antibodies used in the study included donkey anti-rat Alexa Fluor 488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A-21208, 1:200), donkey anti-rat Alexa Fluor 594 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A-21209, 1:200), donkey anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A-21206, 1:200), donkey anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 568 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A-10042, 1:200), donkey anti-goat Alexa Fluor 488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A-11055, 1:200), donkey anti-goat Alexa Fluor 594 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A-11058, 1:200), donkey anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, A-21202, 1:200), and Fluorescein Avidin DCS (Vector Laboratories, A-2011, 1:50).
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8

Integrin and Glycan Analysis Protocol

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The antibodies against the integrin α2β1 receptor, the α2 integrin subunit and AsGM1 were from EMD Millipore [18 (link),19 (link)], while the β1 integrin antibody was from BD Biosciences and secondary ALP (alkaline phosphatase)-labelled anti-mouse and anti-rabbit antibodies were from Promega. Mouse and rabbit monoclonal IgG isotype antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology. Biotinylated-MAA (Maackia amurensis agglutinin) and SNA (Sambucus nigra agglutinin), as well as fluorescein-labelled SNA, Fluorescein Avidin DCS and Vectashield mounting medium were obtained from Vector Laboratories. FITC-labelled- MAA and SNA were purchased from EY Laboratories. DIG (digoxigenin)-conjugated MAA and SNA, anti-DIG-labelled ALP and NBT/BCIP (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium/5-bromo-4-chloroindol-3-yl phosphate) substrate, included in the DIG Glycan Differentiation Kit, and sialidase from Clostridium perfringens were from Roche Diagnostics. BCA protein assay reagent kit was from ThermoFisher Scientific Inc. GM1 and AsGM1 were from Sigma.
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9

Immunofluorescence Staining of EV-D68 in Lung

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The lung sections were blocked for two hours in 10% normal goat serum to reduce nonspecific antibody binding. The lung was then incubated with anti-EV-D68VP1 antibody 5 μg/mL (GeneTex, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) and with biotinylated MAA (α2,3-linkage) and SNA (α2,6-linkage) 5 μg/mL (Vector Laboratories, Inc., CA, USA) at 4 °C overnight. The sections were rinsed extensively in Tris-buffered saline. The cell nuclei were strained by DAPI (Beyotime Biotech, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The primary antibody was detected using 5 μg/mL of Fluorescein Avidin DCS (Vector Laboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA) and 2 μg/mL Texas-Red-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies (Molecular Probes, Carlsbad, CA, USA) [20 (link),21 (link)]. The stained slides were analyzed under a Leica TCS SP8Laser Confocal microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).
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10

Isolation and Characterization of Vascular Cells

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Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) tablets were purchased from Gibco Invitrogen Corp. (Paisley, UK). Rabbit monoclonal anti-MHC I and II and rabbit polyclonal anti-von Willebrand factor primary antibodies were provided by Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Horse pan-specific secondary antibody, DAB Peroxidase Substrate, Fluorescein Avidin DCS, and Vectashield Mounting Medium were from Vector Laboratories (Burlingame, CA, USA). Collagenase B and Dispase II were obtained from Roche Applied Science (Indianapolis, IN, USA). The Endothelial Cell Growth Medium MV2 was purchased from PromoCell GmbH (Heidelberg, Germany). Cell strainer, tissue culture-treated dishes, and fibronectin were from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA). Mouse monoclonal anti-rat-CD31 antibody was provided by Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). Dynabeads M-450 were obtained from Life Technologies (Monza, Italia). Movat pentachromic stain kit was from Diapath S.p.A. (Martinengo, Italy). Contramal was purchased by Grünenthal (Aachen, Germany), whereas Terramicina was from Phibro Animal Health Corporation (Teaneck, NJ, USA). All other chemicals and reagents were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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