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9 protocols using anti calreticulin

1

Immunostaining of Cellular Components

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Cells were grown on glass coverslips, washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), fixed with 1 or 4% paraformaldehyde (in PBS) for 10 min, and permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 min. After blocking with 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS for at least 1 h, cells were incubated with primary antibodies, diluted in 2% BSA in PBS for 1 h at room temperature (RT) or overnight at 4°C, washed three times with PBS, and incubated with secondary antibodies in 2% BSA in PBS for 1 h at RT. After immunostaining, cells were washed with PBS and mounted on microscopic slides with VectaShield (VectorLabs) for microscopic analysis. The following primary antibodies were used in this study: anti-calnexin (Abcam, ab22595), anti-calreticulin (ThermoScientific, PA3-900), CREST (ImmunoVision, HCT0100), anti–Ki-67 (Abcam, ab16667), anti-KIF4 (Abcam, ab3815), anti-KIF22 (Abcam, ab222187), anti-LBR (abcam, ab32535), mAb414 (Abcam, ab24609), anti-MAD2 (Bethyl Laboratories, A300-301A), anti-topoisomeraseII (Abcam, ab109524), anti–α-tubulin (Sigma, T5168), and anti–γ-H2AX (Millipore, 05-636-l). The antibody against human SUN1 has been previously described (Sosa et al., 2013 (link)). For secondary antibodies, Alexa Fluor–conjugated antibodies (goat, 1:300; Life Technologies) were used.
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2

Protein Immunoblotting with Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

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Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed in an electrophoresis cell chamber (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA #1658004) at 70 V for the stacking gel; then, the voltage was changed to 120 V once the samples reached the separating gel. The proteins were then transferred via wet blotting onto polyvinyl difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA, #1620177) in a blotting cell (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA, #1703930) for 1 h at 4 °C with 135 V and 35 mA in blotting buffer (25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, 1% SDS, and 20% methanol). The membranes were blocked for 1–2 h with 5% milk powder in 1× TBS-T at RT and then incubated with either primary goat polyclonal antibodies (including goat polyclonal anti-mTrkB (1:5000; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA, #AF1494), rabbit polyclonal anti-phosphoTrkB (Tyr816) (1:5000; Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA, #3587088), and rabbit anti-phospho TrkB (1:5000; Cell Signaling Technologies, Danvers, MA, USA, #46215)), chicken polyclonal anti-Calreticulin (1:2000; Thermofisher; #PA1902A), or goat-anti DARPP-32 (1:2000; R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA, #AF6259) overnight at 4 °C on a rocker. Following this step, incubation with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies was performed (with either anti-goat, anti-mouse, anti-chicken, or anti-rabbit antibodies (1:10,000)).
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3

Modulation of Macrophage Polarization

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Macrophages were pre-cultured for 24 h in RPMI 1640 medium with 5% FBS. Subsequently, cells were treated with IL-4 (0.5-1 μg/ml) (ImmunoTools, Berlin, Germany) and/or SP-A (25, 50 and 100 μg/ml) or native human C1q (10 and 100 μg/ml). The following blocking antibodies were added 2 hours before stimulation: 10 μg/ml of anti-Myo18A, 10-50 μg/ml anti-SIRPα (eBioscience), and 10-50 μg/ml anti-calreticulin (Thermo Scientific). Under these conditions cell viability was higher than 97%. Macrophage cultures were plated in triplicate wells and each series of experiments was repeated at least three times.
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4

Capsaicin Modulates Immune Cell Surface Markers

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PEL cells were treated with Capsaicin (200 μM) and the expression of surface calreticulin and HSP90 was analyzed 12 hrs later by flow cytometry using the specific mAbs: anti-calreticulin (Thermo Scientific, PA3-900) and anti-HSP90 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., sc-59577).
The expression of surface CD86, CD83 and CD80 was analyzed in untreated and Capsaicin (150 μM) or LPS (100 ng/ml, Sigma) treated immature DC cells (5 × 105) using the following human conjugated antibodies: CD86 (Milteny Biotec, 130-094-878), CD83 (Milteny Biotec, 130-094-181), CD80 (Milteny Biotec, 130-097-202), and the isotype control antibodies (Milteny Biotec, 130-092-213 and 130-092-212).
To study the role of Capsaicin in monocyte differentiation into DCs in the presence or absence of the inhibitory PEL cell supernatant, the expression of surface CD14 and CD1a was analyzed using human mAb anti-CD14 (Milteny Biotec., 130-080-701) and mAb anti-CD1a (BD Pharmingen, 555807)
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5

Proinsulin Interactome Characterization

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Proinsulin was immunoprecipitated with guinea-pig anti insulin (Abcam). Westernblot analysis was performed with the following antibodies; H86 for proinsulin (Santa Cruz), anti Derlin-1 and Derlin-2 (MBL), anti VCP/p97 (BD transduction laboratories), anti-calreticulin (Thermo Scientific), 1E4 for GFP (Enzo Life Sciences), anti-actin clone c4 (Millipore), H86.4 anti transferrin receptor (Roche Diagnostics). Lactacystein was obtained from Enzo Life Sciences and ALLN (Calpain inhibitor I) from Sigma.
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6

Immunofluorescence Quantification of Autophagy Markers

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Cells were plated on sterile glass coverslips and processed as in [6 (link)]. The following primary antibodies were used: mouse monoclonal anti-p62 (Becton Dickinson; dilution 1:200) and rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3 (Sigma-Aldrich; dilution 1:1000), mouse monoclonal anti-Vimentin (Abcam, dilution 1:100), and rabbit-polyclonal anti-Calreticulin (Thermo-Fisher, dilution 1:50). As secondary antibodies (dilution 1:1000), goat anti-mouse or anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with AlexaFluor 488 or AlexaFluor 555 dye (Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) were used. Nuclear chromatin was stained with a fluorescent dye, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI, Sigma-Aldrich), at 5 μg/mL. Images were acquired using a Nikon Ti2-E inverted microscope equipped with a DS-Qi2Mc camera and collected with a Nikon ×60 Plan Apocr λ (NA = 1.40) oil immersion objective, using FITC, TRITC, and DAPI detection filter sets.
For the LC3-p62 colocalization, images were processed using the freely available software ImageJ (version 1.53j), and a threshold-based analysis was performed to reveal the degree of overlap between channels. Colocalization was quantified as the fold change in autophagosomes loaded with cargo (yellow areas) normalized to the green channel area (total cargo signal).
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7

Subcellular Localization of Htt-polyQ-GFP and SEL1L

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HEK 293 and HeLa cells were plated on a coverslip, and the indicated plasmids were transfected.
Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 for 4 min on ice, and then stained with mouse monoclonal anti-HA (HA-7)
and rabbit polyclonal anti-calreticulin (Affinity Bioreagents, Golden, CO, USA) or anti-HSP/HSC70 as the primary antibodies. In cells expressing Htt-polyQ-GFP and SEL1L-HA, DssSEL1L-HA, or SEL1L-R5-9-HA, mouse monoclonal anti-HA (HA-7) and rabbit polyclonal anti-GFP antibodies were used. Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit and Alexa Fluor 594conjugated anti-mouse were used as secondary antibodies (Clontech, Takara Bio). Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. Fluorescence images were captured through a HC PL APO 63x (NA 1.4) objective lens at 1024 × 1024 dpi on a TCS SP8 microscope (Leica Microsystems).
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8

Antibody Reagents for Protein Analysis

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The mouse monoclonal antibody recognising the opsin tag (Adamus et al., 1991 (link)) and the rabbit antiserum against Sec61α (N-terminus) (Laird and High, 1997 (link)) were as described previously. Rabbit antisera against: SRP54, Sec61β and SRα were gifts from Bernhard Dobberstein (University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany); Sec61α (C-terminus) and Sec62 from Richard Zimmermann (University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany); and PPL from Sharon Tooze (Francis Crick Institute, London, UK). A rabbit antiserum recognising an internal peptide of the human 25-kDa subunit of the signal peptidase complex (SPCS2) was custom made by Eurogentec. Anti-calreticulin was purchased from Affinity Bioreagents (catalogue number, PA3-900). Anti-RPL19 was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (catalogue number sc-100830). Antibody dilutions are given in the relevant section.
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9

Quantitative Analysis of Viral Transduction

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HeLa cells, cultured in DMEM (10% FBS 1% Pen/Strep), were plated in 6‐well plates. 24 h later, cells were counted and transduced with vector particles at a particle per cell ratio of 1,000. 24 h later, cells were harvested by extensive trypsin treatment and PBS washing steps to remove any membrane bound vector particles. Cells were counted and 3–5 × 105 cells were used for subcellular fractionation, while 105 cells were analysed by flow cytometry (CytoFlex S platform, Beckman Coulter) to determine transduction efficiency. Subcellular fractionation was performed as previously described (Rossi et al, 2019). Membrane, cytosolic and nuclear fractions were collected. Purity of fractions was confirmed by Western blot using anti‐Rab 5 (1:100, sc46692, Santa Cruz), anti‐Tubulin (1:5,000, T5198, Sigma Aldrich), anti‐Lamin B1 (1:5,000, 16048, Abcam) and anti‐Calreticulin (1:100, PA3‐900, Affinity BioReagents) antibodies. Fractions were subjected to DNA isolation (Qiagen, DNeasy Tissue kit) followed by qPCR analysis (FastStart essential DNA green master reagent, Roche) using CMV promoter‐specific primers on the LightCycler 96 real‐time PCR system (Roche). The specificity of target DNA amplification was confirmed by melting‐curve analysis. All samples were run in technical duplicates.
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