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1

Protein Extraction and Western Analysis

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Total protein was extracted from cell cultures using RIPA buffer (sc-24948) according
to manufacturer protocol (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA) and concentrations
estimated with the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Thermo Scientific). SDS-PAGE and western
analysis were performed using, respectively, the NuPage system (Invitrogen) and the
Supersignal Chemiluminescent Substrate system (Thermo Scientific). The following
antibodies were used: cIAP1 (AF8181, R&D Systems), Caspase8 (90A992, Thermo
Scientific and 9746, Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, MA, USA), cFLIP (ab8421, Abcam,
Cambridge, UK), RIP1 (3493, Cell Signaling Technology) and cleaved PARP (9541, Cell
Signaling Technology), MLKL (sc-130172, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), GAPDH (MAB374,
Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and β-tubulin (T5201, Sigma-Aldrich).
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Apoptosis-Related Proteins

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Western blot analysis was performed as described previously (13 (link)). Briefly, GBC-SD and SGC-996 cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS and then lysed with ice-cold RIPA lysis buffer (cat. no. P0013B; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) supplemented using EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail (cat. no. 11836170001; Roche Diagnostics), and followed by protein concentration determination with BCA assay. Lysates were kept on ice for 30 min and then centrifuged at 14,000 × g for 20 min at 4°C. Equal amounts (20 µg) of proteins were separated by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) and then transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were block with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in Tris-buffered saline Tween-20 for 2 h and then incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. Immunoreactive proteins were detected with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. The primary antibodies used were: Caspase-8 (cat. no. 9746; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), caspase-3 (cat. no. 9662; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), cleaved-caspase-3 (cat. no. 9664; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.), eIF4A (cat. no. ab31217; Abcam), c-FLIP (cat. no. ab8421; Abcam) and α-tubulin (cat. no. sc-5286; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.).
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3

Immunoblotting Analysis of Cellular and EV Proteins

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Cellular or EV proteins of interest were detected by immunoblotting according to previous description [18 (link)]. In brief, 10 µg of total proteins extracted from each cellular or EV sample were separated by electrophoresis on 10% SDS-PAGE, transferred onto the PVDF membrane, and subsequently blocked and incubated with primary and secondary antibodies, respectively. Primary antibodies against the following proteins were used: human TRAIL (66756–1-Ig, Chicago, IL, USA) (dilution 1:1000), GAPDH (AF7021), TSG101 (DF8427, Affinity Biosciences, Cincinnati, OH, USA)) (dilution 1:2000), cFLIP (GTX113047, Houston, TX, USA) (dilution 1:2000), MCL-1 (Ab32087, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), and Survivin (Ab76424, Abcam, Cambridge, UK) (dilution 1:2000). Immunoblotting bands were quantitatively assessed by using the Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA) and normalized with the internal loading control protein GAPDH. The expression levels of proteins in treated samples were relative to control, for which the value was set to 1.
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