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8 protocols using n hexane

1

Esterification of Vegetable Acid Oleic

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The substrates used for the esterification reaction were vegetable acid oleic (ALMAD, oils fats, and derivates -Brazil) and the monoethylene glycol (99.5% of purity, Vetec). n-Hexane (99% of purity, Vetec) was used to recover the catalyst. For product quantification, the reagents were: ethanol (99.8% of purity, Vetec), potassium hydroxide (99% of purity, Vetec) and phenolphthalein alcoholic solution (10%). NS 88011 commercial lipase, produced by Candida antarctica and immobilized in a hydrophobic polymer resin, used as catalyst, was kindly donated by Novozymes (Brazil/Araucária -PR).
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2

Bullfrog Adipose Tissue Biocompatibility Study

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Bullfrog adipose tissue was kindly provided by the Asmarana Produtos Naturais (Natal, RN, Brazil). Span® 80 (sorbitan monooleate 80), penicillin-streptomycin, and MTT reagent ((3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), n-hexane, propylene glycol, and Tween® 20 (polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate) were acquired from VETEC (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). Cetostearyl alcohol ethoxylate and isopropyl palmitate were purchased from ViaFarma (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Xanthan Gum and Germall® were purchased from Mapric (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Butylhydroxytoluene was acquired from Galena (Campinas, SP, Brazil). Floral green fragrance was obtained from Bio Inter (São Paulo, SP, Brazil).
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Cultilab (Campinas, SP, Brazil). The 3T3 fibroblasts and B16F10 cell lines from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) used in this study were provided by the Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural Polymers at Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (Natal, RN, Brazil).
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3

NMR Characterization of Natural Compounds

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Silica gel (60–230, 230–400 mesh) (Merck) was used for chromatography column (CC) and silica gel 60F254 (Merck) for preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). The solvents n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol (Vetec) were used for extraction and partition. 1H NMR (300 MHz) and 13C NMR (100 MHz) were obtained in CDCl3 (BRUKER, mod. AMX-300). Several one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments were used to establish through-bond connectivity. Heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation (13C HMQC) spectroscopy was used to identify bonded proton-carbon pairs. Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (13C HMBC) spectroscopy was employed to delineate long-range proton-carbon bonded interactions.
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4

Extraction and Analysis of Metal Contaminants

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An aliquot of the filter (¼) was cut and weighted in an analytical balance (Shimadzu, Brazil, ±0.0002g). The filters were subsequently extracted using the following steps: 1) 120ml of n-hexane (Vetec, Brazil) and sonication for 2hr; 2) re-extraction with 120ml of acetone (Vetec, Brazil) and sonication for 2hr; 3) re-extraction with 120ml of ultrapure water (Millipore, USA) and sonication for 2hr. An aliquot of the aqueous extract was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma and optical emission spectrometry (ICP-MS or OES) to determine the metal concentrations. Metals in organic extracts were not analyzed since the ICP flame is extinguished. For cells exposure, organic extracts were dried with a nitrogen stream and aqueous extracts with a Centrivap console (Labconco). The extract mass was determined gravimetrically, subsequently the organic fractions were dissolved in DMSO and the aqueous fractions in water to a concentration of 100mg/ml. Blank filters were analyzed in the same manner. All extracts were stored in individual vials at −20°C until further analyses.
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5

Bullfrog Adipose Tissue Extraction and Characterization

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Bullfrog adipose tissue was provided by Asmarana Produtos Naturais (Brazil). Span ® 80 (sorbitan monooleate 80), acetic acid, chloroform and isooctane were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Inc. (USA). Propylene glycol, Tween ® 20 (polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate), n-hexane, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, diethyl ether, hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate were from VETEC (Brazil). Xanthan gum, propylparaben, methylparaben, sodium benzoate and flavoring came from Via Farma (Brazil). Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were provided by Labsynth (Brazil). Acesulfame K, aspartame and sucralose were purchased from Valdequímica (Brazil). All chemicals were of analytical or reagent grade and were used without further purification. Ultrapure water was obtained from a water purification system (Milli-Q ® plus, USA) with resistivity and total organic carbon of 16.3 MΩ cm and 2 ppm at 25 °C, respectively.
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6

Succinic Anhydride Functionalization of Sugarcane Bagasse

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Succinic anhydride, pyridine, n-hexane, n-heptane and CuSO 4 •5H 2 O were purchased from Vetec (Brazil). NiCl 2 •6H 2 O, NaOH, CH 2 Cl 2 , CH 3 COOH (99.5%), CaCl 2 , NaHCO 3 were purchased from Synth (Brazil). Quantitative filter paper (black ribbon, JP-41) was purchased from JProlab (Brazil). Sugarcane bagasse stalks were collected at Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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7

Bullfrog Adipose Tissue Characterization

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Bullfrog adipose tissue was provided by Asmarana Produtos Naturais (Natal, RN, Brazil). Isooctane and BSTFA was purchased from Sigma Aldrich Inc (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium hydroxide, n-hexane, potassium hydroxide, diethyl ether, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulfate and sodium carbonate were acquired from VETEC (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). Butylhyldroxytoluene, buthylhydroxyanisole, potassium biphthalate, potassium dichromate and Wijs solution were purchased from Labsynth (São Paulo, SP, Brazil). Acetic acid, absolute ethyl alcohol, sodium bicarbonate, potassium iodide, starch and chloroform were acquired from Isofar (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). Phenolphthalein was provided from Biotec Chemicals (Londrina, PA, Brazil). Ultrapure water was obtained from a Millipore purification system (Milli-Q plus®, Millipore, St Quentin en Yvelines, France). All chemicals were of reagent grade and used as received.
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8

Synthesis and Characterization of Styrene-Based Polymers

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Styrene (St), sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate (St-S), potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS), diethanolamine and n-heptane were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Brasil Ltda. (São Paulo, Brazil). NaCl, n-hexane and K2CO3 were purchased from Vetec Química Fina Ltda. (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Mineral oil (viscosity: 21.09 mPa·S and density: 0.86 g/cm³, both at 25 °C) was obtained from B.Herzog (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). All reagents were used without any previous treatment. Distilled and deionized water was used throughout the work. Sand used as the porous medium was a donation from Mineração Jundu Ltda. (Descalvado, Brazil). Crude oil was a donation from Petrobras (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil).
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