Cyanidin

Dioleoyl-phosphatidylserine (DOPS), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE), salts, and other basic chemicals used in PLM studies were obtained from Sigma (Munich, FRG, analytical grade); palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, (Alabaster, AL, USA). Quercetin was bought from Extrasynthese, Quercetin-4′-O-glucoside from Sigma-Aldrich, and cyanidin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were bought from Phytolab GmbH & Co.KG (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). All other chemicals were of high purity from commercial sources.

High glucose (4.5 g/L) Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum ((FBS, PAN Biotech, Aidenbach, Germany), L-glutamine, trypsin (2.5% solution of 1:250 trypsin), MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), EDTA (ethylenediamimetetraacetic acid), CdCl₂, HgCl₂, or PbCl₂, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), bovine brain extract, FeCl₃, ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and propyl gallate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich S.p.a. (Milan, Italy). Quercetin was bought from Extrasynthese (Genay Cedex, France), and cyanidin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside were bought from Phytolab GmbH & Co.KG (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). All solvents used for extraction and chemical analyses were of high purity and were obtained from VWR International s.r.l. (Milan, Italy).