Apreo 2c

The microstructure of the sample was obtained using an SEM instrument (Thermo Scientific Apreo 2C, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with a low-Vac mode, an accelerating voltage of 10 kV, and an amplification of 500. Ten images from three different samples were analyzed for each experiment.

X-ray diffraction patterns of samples for the crystal structure were obtained with an X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD, D8 Advance, German Bruker AXS Co., Ltd., Karlsruhe, Germany, Cu Kα radiation, λ = 0.15406 nm), and XRD data were obtained in an angular range of 10–80° with a scanning speed of 1°/min. The test results were refined using GSAS [21 (link)]. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Thermo Scientific Apreo 2c, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was applied to observe the morphology of the material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM2200FS, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) was used to detect the structure and microstructure of the samples. An inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, Agilent 5110, Agilent Technology Co., Ltd., Santa Clara, CA, USA) was used to determine the composition of the elements. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyzer (XPS, Thermo ESCALAB 250XI, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to measure element species and valence state information on the sample surface.

Collagen fiber was characterized both before and after adsorption. A scanning electron microscope (SEM, Apreo 2C, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) and infrared spectra (FTIR, Spectrum 3 Fourier transform medium near infrared dual-band infrared light, PerkinElmer) were employed to analyze the functional groups of collagen fiber over a wavenumber range of 4000–400 cm⁻¹. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCALAB 250Xi X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to analyze the elemental composition of the sample.

A scanning electron microscope (SEM, Inspect F, FEI, and Thermo Fisher Apreo 2C, USA) was used to observe the surface morphology of different groups. The spatial distribution of powder particles within the PDMS matrix after curing has been characterized by EDX mapping. All the samples were gold sputtered and then the analyzing procedures were carried out.

Samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were prepared by referring to the method of Bolumar, Bindrich, Toepfl, Toldrá, and Heinz [9 (link)], and the micro-morphology was characterized using an Apreo 2C (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Franklin, MA, USA). The samples were affixed to the conductive adhesive, and then gold layers were sprayed onto the surface of the sample. The samples were observed at a magnification of 500 times, the accelerating voltage was 15.0 kV, and electron microscope pictures were obtained. Braised beef samples were cut into 1 × 0.5 × 0.5 cm³ pieces and soaked in PBS (pH = 7.2) containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 24 h. The beef sample was taken out and cleaned three times with PBS without glutaraldehyde. After cleaning, ethanol solutions with concentrations of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% were used for dehydration, respectively, and each concentration was treated for 1 h. The beef samples were freeze-dried in the instrument for 36 h (FDU-1200, EYELA, Tokyo, Japan), and the microstructure was observed by SEM.