The surgery was performed under local anesthesia using 2% intracameral Lidocaine (B.Braun® 20 mg/ml). The anterior chamber was filled with viscoelastic (2% methycellulose, Medicontur, Zsámbék, Hungary) and the ICL introduced through a 3.2 mm temporal clear corneal incision using the manufacturer’s injector cartridge (STAAR Surgical Co. Monrovia, CA, USA). Upon positioning the ICL, the viscoelastic was removed through aspiration from the anterior chamber. At the end, a diluted antibiotic solution (Ceftazidime and Vancomicine) was injected. After surgery, antibiotic (Exocin® Ofloxacin 3 mg/ml), corticoid (Predforte® Prednisolone acetate 10 mg/ml) and anti-inflammatory (Voltaren® Diclofenac sodium 1 mg/ml) drugs were prescribed four times a day for 3 weeks.
Lidocaine
Manufactured by B. Braun
Sourced in Germany, United Kingdom
Lidocaine is a local anesthetic agent used to provide numbing or pain relief in medical procedures. It works by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the site of application to the brain. Lidocaine is commonly used in a variety of medical settings, including minor surgical procedures, dental work, and pain management.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Sc 7 000, by Siemens (2 mentions)
Hetastarch, by B. Braun (1 mentions)
Lipuro, by B. Braun (1 mentions)
Clorketam 1000, by Vetoquinol (1 mentions)
Stereotaxic frame, by Kopf Instruments (1 mentions)
Pentobarbital sodium, by Biowet (1 mentions)
D luciferin, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
Ketamine, by Alfasan (1 mentions)
Isoflurane, by Zoetis (1 mentions)
13 protocols using lidocaine
1
Implantation of Implantable Collamer Lens
2
OGTT Skeletal Muscle Biopsies
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Participants laid in the supine position during the OGTT while muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis using the Bergstrom biopsy technique. Biopsies were obtained from the same limb during the OGTT with alternate limbs used in each condition. Biopsies were taken initially at the most proximal point, then approximately 3–5 cm distally for each biopsy. The site was cleaned and the local area was anesthetized by injection of 2% Lidocaine (B. Braun, Sheffield, UK). Approximately 60–100 mg of skeletal muscle tissue was obtained for each sample. Samples were immediately cleaned with a saline solution and placed into microtubes. The tissue was then snap frozen using liquid nitrogen and stored at −70°C until analysis.
3
Redesigned IV Bag Label Evaluation
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The current label condition used 500-ml IV bags of lidocaine and hetastarch manufactured by B. Braun Medical Inc (Bethlehem, PA)—the labels involved in the close call that prompted this study (Fig. 1 ).24 The redesigned labels incorporated the 3 design recommendations under investigation and were developed using an iterative design process with feedback from pharmacists, anesthesiologists, and nurse anesthetist end users. The redesigned labels contained all of the same information as the current labels. The redesigned labels were printed on adhesive labels using a photo quality printer and affixed to unlabeled 500-ml IV bags (Fig. 2 ).
4
Muscle Biopsy Sampling Technique
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VL muscle biopsy samples were taken from the exercised (dominant) leg using the suction-modified percutaneous Bergstrom needle technique [26 (link)]. The leg from which the biopsy was taken was sterilised with povidone-iodine 10% w/w cutaneous solution (Ecolab, Northwich, UK) and anaesthetised by infiltration of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue with 2% lidocaine (B Braun, Sheffield, UK). An incision of approximately 0.8 cm was made, and skeletal muscle (~150 mg) collected. The incision was closed with adhesive butterfly stitches and covered with a waterproof dressing. Skeletal muscle was dissected free of any obvious blood and adipose tissue and immediately snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Muscle samples were stored at –80 °C until analysis.
5
Subcutaneous RFID Transponder Implantation
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The skin on the middle dorsal area of the animal, site of placement for the RFID transponder, was previously anesthetized by subcutaneous injection of 250–300 μl (100 μl per 100 g body weight) of 0.5% Lidocaine (from 2% Lidocaine solution, B.Braun Medical Lda, Queluz de Baixo, Portugal), using a 25-G (25 mm long) needle. A RFID transponder, 12 mm long × 2.12 mm diameter, 0.09 g weight, covered with Bio Glass 8625 and inserted in a 2.6 mm × 32 mm needle, was then subcutaneously injected with the help of a transponder injector (injector and Yellow label transponder from Planet ID; ISO FDX-B Standard/manufacturer code 972).
6
Anesthetic Protocols for Aquatic Research
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The following drugs were used in the present study: Etomidate (2 mg/mL, Lipuro, B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany); Propofol (10 mg/mL, Lipuro, Braun VetCare SA, Barcelona, Spain); Lidocaine (20 mg/mL, B.Braun Medical, Queluz de Baixo, Barcarena, Portugal); Ketamine (1 g/mL, Clorketam 1000, Vetoquinol S.A., Lure, France); Medetomidine (1 mg/mL, Domtor, Orion Corporation Orioninte, Espoo, Finland); Atipamezole (5 mg/mL, Antisedan, Orion Corporation Orioninte, Espoo, Finland). The buffered MS-222 solution was prepared by adding ethyl 3-amino-benzoate methanesulfonate powder (Sigma-Aldrich, Sintra, Portugal) to system water, making a stock solution of 1.5 g/L buffered with sodium bicarbonate until pH reached 7.2–7.4. The anaesthetic protocols with the final concentrations tested in this study are presented in Table 1 .
7
Tracer Injections in Rat Brain
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All injection surgeries took place under isoflurane anesthesia (isoflurane-oxygen mixture 1.5-2.5%) with the rat positioned in a stereotaxic frame (Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA). A
dorsal craniotomy exposed the central sinus and adjacent tissue. Lambda and bregma were set at the same depth coordinates, creating a flat skull. Tracers were injected either mechanically (all FB, FG, Ctb-AF594, Ctb-AF488 injections) via a 0.5µl, 0.66µl or 1.0µl Hamilton pipette (Hamilton, Bonaduz, Switzerland) or iontophoretically. See Supplementary materials (Tables 34) for injection coordinates. Mechanical tracer injections were infused with a flow of 10-20 nl/min. In all cases, the needle was left in place for a further 10min before being retracted. As a part of the analgesia regime, Lidocaine was administered topically to the scalp (0.1ml of 20 mg/ml solution; B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) and meloxicam was given subcutaneously (0.06ml of 5mg/ml solution, Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd, Berkshire, UK). After 6-8 days postinjection, each rat was perfused and histological analysis was performed (see section Histology).
dorsal craniotomy exposed the central sinus and adjacent tissue. Lambda and bregma were set at the same depth coordinates, creating a flat skull. Tracers were injected either mechanically (all FB, FG, Ctb-AF594, Ctb-AF488 injections) via a 0.5µl, 0.66µl or 1.0µl Hamilton pipette (Hamilton, Bonaduz, Switzerland) or iontophoretically. See Supplementary materials (Tables 34) for injection coordinates. Mechanical tracer injections were infused with a flow of 10-20 nl/min. In all cases, the needle was left in place for a further 10min before being retracted. As a part of the analgesia regime, Lidocaine was administered topically to the scalp (0.1ml of 20 mg/ml solution; B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) and meloxicam was given subcutaneously (0.06ml of 5mg/ml solution, Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd, Berkshire, UK). After 6-8 days postinjection, each rat was perfused and histological analysis was performed (see section Histology).
8
Ultrasound-guided Abdominal Tissue Biopsy
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Ultrasound-guided biopsies from SSAT and DSAT were performed in the paraumbilical region above and beneath the fascia Scarpa under visual control at the level of rectus abdominis muscle by needle suction technique after administration of local anesthesia (5–10 mL of 1% lidocaine, B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) (24 (link)). Video loops were recorded to document the correct location at each biopsy.
9
Equine Skin Biopsy for Allergen Study
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Prior to injection, blood was collected form each pony. For the determination of C. obsoletus-specific antibody isotypes titers, serum was separated and stored at -20°C. Skin biopsies (4 mm) of WBE injection sites and controls were taken 5 min, 20 min and 24 hrs after allergen injection, under local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine (B. Braun, AG Melsungen, Germany). Three biopsies were taken per time point, whereby each site was separated far enough from the next to prevent any influence from the one injection to the other. Of the three biopsies taken per time point, two were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until used for RNA isolation. The third skin biopsy was fixed in 4% neutral buffered formaldehyde and paraffin-embedded for histopathology.
10
Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment in Rats
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On the day of sacrifice, animals were subject to invasive hemodynamic testing. Rats were premedicated and anesthetized with isoflurane. Animals were mechanically ventilated during the whole procedure using a pressure-controlled respirator and a mixture of air and oxygen. Lidocaine (20 mg/ml, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Germany) was used for local infiltration of the surgical sites. Chest cavities were opened via left and right mini thoracotomy at the sixth intercostal space. Heparinized 21G venous cannula were then connected to a pressure recording system (Siemens SC 7,000, Erlangen, Germany) through a saline-filled system that was introduced to the RV and LV via their apexes in order to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures15 . The pressure transducer was fixed to the operating table and set at the level of the animal’s heart. The values were registered from 300-s periods of stable signal and means were calculated as output values. Animals were sacrificed after the procedure.
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