Honokiol

All chemicals and reagents were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) unless otherwise stated. Honokiol was purchased from Selleck Chemical (Houston, Texas, USA). Antibodies used for immunohistochemical (IHC) were purchased from Abcam Inc. (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA), or Aviva Systems Biology (San Diego, California, USA). Enzymes and reagents used for IHC staining were purchased from BioGenex (San Ramon, California, USA).

VSMCs were obtained from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). Honokiol was purchased from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, USA, catalog no. S2310), MSNPs (catalog no. 643645) and F‑127 pluronic gel were purchased from Sigma‑Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). Transmission electron microscope was acquired from FEI (Hillsboro, Oregon, USA). FBS and 0.25% (w/v) trypsin−EDTA were obtained from Corning (New York, USA). DMEM and penicillin−streptomycin solution were purchased from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Culture flasks (25 cm² surface area), culture plates, a filter of 8 μm pore size and confocal dishes were acquired from Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY, USA). 2F Fogarty embolectomy catheters were obtained from Edwards Lifesciences (Irvine, CA, USA). WST-1 was purchased from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Foxp3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. The primary antibodies used in Western blotting analysis were: anti-p-smad3, anti-p-ERK1/2 and anti-PCNA (Immunoway Biotechnology, NY, USA). α‑SMA antibody was obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).