The cerebral vessels were placed in ice‐cold respiration medium consisting of 0.5 mmol/L EGTA (Sigma, catalog No. E4378), 3 mmol/L MgCl2 6 hexahydrate (Sigma, catalog No. M9272), 60 mmol/L lactobionic acid (Sigma, catalog No. 153516), 20 mmol/L taurine (Sigma, catalog No. T0625), 10 mmol/L KH2PO4 (Sigma, catalog No. P5655), 20 mmol/L HEPES (ThermoFisher Scientific, catalog No. 15630080), 110 mmol/L D‐sucrose (Sigma, catalog No. S0389), and 1 g/L BSA at pH 7.1.27 High‐resolution oxygen consumption measurements were conducted in 2 mL of MiR05 using the Oroboros Oxygraph 2k (Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria). Polarographic oxygen measurements were acquired at 2‐second intervals with the steady‐state rate of respiration calculated from a minimum of 30 data points and expressed as pmol s‐1 per mg wet weight. All respiration measurements were conducted at 37°C in a working range [O2] of ≈200 to 100 μmol/L. Respiration was measured with sequential titrations of: 1.25 mmol/L ADP (CalBiochem, catalog No. 117105), 2 mmol/L malate (Sigma, catalog No. M1000), 5 mmol/L pyruvate (Sigma, catalog No. P2256), 10 mmol/L glutamate (Sigma, catalog No. G1626), 10 mmol/L succinate (Sigma, catalog No. S2378), 0.5 μmol/L carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenyl hydrazone (Sigma, catalog No. C2759), 0.5 μmol/L rotenone (Sigma, catalog No. R8875), and 2.5 μmol/L antimycin‐A (Sigma, catalog No. A8674).
Lactobionic acid
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Lactobionic acid is a carbohydrate-based compound that can be used as a laboratory reagent. It serves as a component in various buffer solutions and cell culture media. The core function of lactobionic acid is to maintain pH levels and provide a suitable environment for biological applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Taurine, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Rotenone, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Succinate, by Merck Group (6 mentions)
Antimycin a, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Glutamate, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Malate, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Oligomycin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
D sucrose, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Kh2po4, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Digitonin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ascorbate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
N hydroxysuccinimide, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Mgcl2 6h2o, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Alexa fluor 488 conjugated phalloidin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Alexa fluor 700, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Anti tom20, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (2 mentions)
Anti nqo1, by Santa Cruz Biotechnology (2 mentions)
Adenosine 5 diphosphate sodium salt adp, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Carbonyl cyanide 4 trifluoromethoxy phenylhydrazone fccp, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Irdye800cw labeled anti rabbit secondary antibody, by LI COR (2 mentions)
23 protocols using lactobionic acid
1
Cerebral Vessel Respiration Measurement
2
Mitochondrial respiration analysis
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The reagents applied in the present study: MgCl2×6H2O, EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid), taurine, KH2PO4, lactobionic acid, sucrose, HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid), BSA (bovine serum albumin), digitonin, glutamate, malate, succinate, ADP (adenosine diphosphate), oligomycin, rotenone, antimycin A, FCCP (Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone), betulinic acid (BA), and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide—the vehicle used for BA solubilization) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Merck KGaA(Darmstadt, Germany). All reagents used were of analytical purity. Cell culture media—Dulbecco’s modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and specific supplements were acquired from Sigma Aldrich, Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), ATCC (American Type Cell Collection, Lomianki, Poland) and Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Waltham, MA, USA). XFe24 well plates, XF sensor cartridges, and XF Assay media were provided by Agilent Technologies, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA, USA).
3
Melanin Staining of Hairless Mice
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Female hairless, nonpigmented mice (Crl:Skh1‐ Hrhr/Hrhr), referred herein as Skh1 mice, were obtained from Charles River Laboratories, while pigmented (Skh2/J‐ Hrhr/Hrhr) hairless mice (Skh2/J) were from Jackson Laboratory. The latter mice display diffuse pigmentation (Man et al., 2014 ), which is further accentuated in the skin of their ears. All mice were fed a standard mouse diet (Ralston‐Purina Co), had access to tap water ad libitum, and were studied between 6 and 8 weeks of age. Mice were housed in a temperature‐ and humidity‐controlled, SPF facility. Affinity‐purified, rabbit anti‐mouse antibodies to TNFα, IL‐1α, and IL‐1β were purchased from Abcam. Methanol, ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), 4‐ethoxymethylene‐2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazolin‐5‐one (Ox), and 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA), hydroquinone (HQ), and lactobionic acid (LBA) were from Sigma. Fontana–Masson (melanin staining kit) was from Abcam. Samples for melanin staining were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and routinely processed. Five‐micrometer sections were used for the staining, using the Fontana–Masson method, following the protocol provided in the Fontana–Masson Kit (Abcam).
4
Synthesis of Functionalized Nanoparticles
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The purchased solvents are of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) grade and obtained from Fisher scientific, UK, through a local supplier. Dicyclohexyl carbodimide (DCC), 4-dimethyl aminopyridine (DMAP), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), cinnamic acid (CA), 3-aminopropyl silane (APT), ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O), ferric sulfate hexahydrate (Fe2(SO4)3·6H2O), lactobionic acid (LBA), Hesperidin (HES), Amphotericin B (AmpB), and curcumin (CUR) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich through a local supplier.
5
Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Baicalin Delivery
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Chitosan oligosaccharidelactate (CL, Mn = 5000, deacetylation degree > 90%), Baicalin (BA; (2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(5,6-dihydroxy-4-oxo-2-phenyl-chromen-7-yl)oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxy-tetrahydropyran-2-carboxylic acid), lactobionic acid (LA; 4-O-β-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and cellulose dialysis bag with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 14 kD were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MN, USA). All other chemicals were of analytical grade. Technetium-99m was eluted as 99mTcO4− from 99Mo/99mTc generator, Radioisotope Production Facility, Cairo, Egypt.
6
Mitochondrial Function Evaluation Reagents
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Anti-TOM20 (#sc-11415, 1:200 for immunofluorescence staining) and anti-NQO1 (#sc-32793, 1:1000 for immunoblotting) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Anti-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (#10494-1-AP, 1:20,000 for immunoblotting) was purchased from Proteintech (Rosemont, IL, USA). Alexa Fluor 488 (#A11001) or Alexa Fluor 700 (#A21036)–conjugated secondary antibodies, Alexa Fluor 488–conjugated phalloidin (#A12379), and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (#1306) were obtained from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). IRDye800CW-labeled anti-rabbit secondary antibody (#926-32211) was purchased from LI-COR Biosciences (Lincoln, NE, USA). Isoplumbagin (5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) was acquired from AKos GmbH (Steinen, Germany). Oligomycin (#75351), carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) (#C2920), rotenone (#R8875), antimycin A (#A8674), lactobionic acid (#153516), taurine (#T8691), digitonin (#D141), glutamate (#G8415), malate (#M1000), succinate (#S3674), adenosine 5′-diphosphate sodium salt (ADP) (#A2754), TMPD (#T3134), and ascorbate (#A4034) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA).
7
Lactose and Whey-Derived Compound Analysis
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Firstly, α-d -Lactose monohydrate (98%, Acros Organics, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), lactulose (99%, Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA), lactobionic acid (97%, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), D-(+)-glucose (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), D-(+)-galactose (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), D-gluconic acid sodium salt (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), pyruvic acid (98%, Sigma-Aldrich), L-(+)-lactic acid (85%, Sigma-Aldrich), formic acid (99%, Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), citric acid (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), and orotic acid (98%, Sigma-Aldrich) were purchased from commercial suppliers. Reduced ruthenium supported on activated carbon (5% Ru/C, Alfa Aesar) was purchased from commercial suppliers, and it was used without further preparation. Sweet whey permeate (SWP) was obtained from a regional cheese factory (Valley Queen Co., Milbank, SD, USA), while the acid whey permeate (AWP) was obtained from a Greek yogurt plant (Chobani Co., Twin Falls, ID, USA).
8
Chitosan-Based Gemcitabine Drug Delivery
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Gemcitabine hydrochloride was provided as a gift from Intas Pharm, Ahmedabad, India. Chitosan, lactobionic acid, ethidium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide, N-hydroxylsuccinimide, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, and N-nitrosodiethylamine were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium Tri-polyphosphate (CDH Mumbai, India) and acetonitrile (Merck Mumbai, India) were purchased commercially. Diagnostic kits for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were obtained from Accucare-Lab Care Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd., Valsad, India. All other excipients used in the development of formulation were of analytical reagent grade and of exceptional quality.
9
Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Biomaterials
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SFN, CCM, lactobionic acid, adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO). PCL-PEG-CHO was purchased from Shanghai Zzbio Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). LO2 cells and HepG2 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA).
10
Carbohydrate Characterization and Sourcing
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Galactose (≥98%), l -rhamnose monohydrate (≥98%), maltose monohydrate (≥98%), lactose monohydrate (≥98%), and cellobiose (≥90%) were purchased from Sangon Biotech Co. with and the standard product of l -rhamnonic acid (≥90%) and lactobionic acid (≥97%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co.
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