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6 protocols using vector red kit

1

Assessing Ameloblast Barrier Function

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The apical tight junction is an important indicator for ameloblast polarity and can be measured by the functional selectivity of the paracellular apical barrier. Sulfo-NHS-Biotin was used as a tracer molecule to evaluate the effects of SATB1 on the ameloblast layer barrier function as previously described [78 (link)]. Briefly, four 10-day old pups from each wt and Satb1−/− mouse model were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection with 0.05 ml/10 g of ketamine (18 mg/ml). A 30-G injection needle with a blunt end was carefully inserted into the left ventricle of the heart, and 150 μl/g of Sulfo-NHS-Biotin solution was perfused into the bloodstream. Ten minutes after receiving Sulfo-NHS-Biotin injection, the pups were sacrificed, and the hemimandibles were dissected, processed, and paraffin-embedded for histological sectioning as previously mentioned. The sagittal sections were blocked with 5% BSA for 1 h then incubated with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin (Vector Laboratories, Inc.) for 30 min, and immunoreactivity was visualized using a Vector® Red kit (Vector Laboratories, Inc.).
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2

Immunostaining of NFATC1 and NOTCH1

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Tissue sections were prepared as described above for histology and then antigen retrieved by boiling for 10 min in sodium citrate (10 mM, pH 6.0) (Vector Laboratories). The tissues were incubated in 1% H2O2 for 30 min to quench the endogenous hydroperoxide activities. M.O.M kit (Vector Laboratories) was used for immunostaining for NFATC1 antibody (BD Pharmingen, 556,602). The brown color was developed using DAB kit (Vector Laboratories). The tissues were then blocked with 5% normal horse serum in PBS before being incubated with PECAM1 antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-1506) and secondary anti-bodies. The red color was developed using Vector Red Kit (Vector Laboratories). Immunofluorescence staining of NOTCH1 was performed on frozen sections. The embryos were collected at E10.5 and fixed in 4%PFA at 4 °C for one hour, soak in 15% and 30% sucrose sequentially and embedded in OCT compounds with orientation for front sections at 8 μm on the positive charged slides. Tissue sections were then post-fixed in the cold ethanol and acetone (1:1) solution for 5 min and stored at − 80 °C. Tissue sections were air dried for 45 min before staining. The tissues were then blocked with 5% normal horse serum in PBS before being incubated with NOTCH1 antibodies (R&D, AF5267) and secondary antibodies. Stained tissue sections were photographed using a Zeiss Imager A2 microscope.
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3

Induction of Pluripotency in Reprogrammable MEFs

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To induce expression of the pluripotency factors, reprogrammable MEFs were seeded at a density of 15,000 cells per well of a 12 well plate coated with 0.2% gelatin (Sigma). Induction media contained ES culture media (500 ml KO-DMEM (Life Technologies) 15% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone), 1X non-essential amino acids (Life Technologies), 1X Glutamax (Life Technologies), 1000 U/ml leukemia inhibitory factor, 55 μM beta-mercaptoethanol (Sigma)) supplemented with 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid (Sigma) and 2 μg/ml doxycycline hyclate (Sigma). Unless otherwise indicated, reprogrammable MEFs were induced for 12 days, followed by 4 days of doxycycline withdrawal to ensure transgene independence. Alkaline phosphatase staining was performed using a Vector Red kit (Vector Labs) according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.
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4

Mandible Immunohistochemistry for AR, TGFBR2, TGFB1, PR

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Mouse mandibles were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.06 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.3) at 4°C for 24 h. After decalcification in 8% EDTA (pH 7.3), samples were processed for routine paraffin embedding and sagittally sectioned. The sections were incubated with 10% swine and 5% goat sera followed by incubation with rabbit anti-human AR (1:75; Novus Biologicals, Littleton, CO, NB100-91658), rabbit anti-mouse TGFBR2 (1:100; Santa Cruz Biotech, Santa Cruz, CA, sc-1700), rabbit anti-human TGFB1 (1:50; Abcam PLC, Cambridge, MA, ab92486), and rabbit anti-mouse PR (Santa Cruz Biotech, sc-166170) antibodies respectively overnight at room temperature. A biotinylated swine anti-rabbit IgG F(ab')2 fraction (Dako, Carpinteria, CA) was used as the secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature incubation. Following incubation with alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA) for 30 min, immunoreactivity was visualized using a Vector® Red kit (Vector Laboratories) resulting in pink/red color for positive staining. Counter-staining was performed with methyl green (Dako). Negative control was done with normal rabbit sera.
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mandible

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Dissected mandibles were immediately immersed into 4% PFA for 1 day at 4°C followed by decalcification in 8% EDTA (pH 7.3) at 4°C for 4 weeks. The mandibles were then processed through a graded series of ethanol and xylene followed by routine embedding in paraffin and sectioning. The sections were deparaffinized, and blocked for nonspecific staining with 10% swine and 5% goat sera for 1 hour, followed by incubation with rabbit anti-mouse SATB1 antibody (Epitomics, Burlingame, CA) or rabbit anti-phosphorylated PKCα antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) overnight at 4°C. The sections were next thoroughly washed with 0.2% Tween/PBS, and incubated with a biotin-conjugated swine anti-rabbit IgG F(ab’)2 fraction (Dako Cytomation Inc., Carpinteria, CA) for 1 hour at room temperature. The sections were then incubated with alkaline phosphatase conjugated streptavidin (Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame, CA) for 30 minutes, and immunoreactivity was visualized using a Vector Red kit (Vector Laboratories Inc.) resulting in pink/red color for positive staining. Counter-staining was done with methyl green (Vector Laboratories Inc). The sections were photographed with a Nikon Eclipse 300 microscope (Compix Inc, Sewickley, PA).
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6

Immunohistochemical Staining of CD68+ Cells

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Tissue sections were first fixed in ice-cold acetone for 10 min. After washing with PBS, they were incubated in a solution of 4% rabbit serum for 10 min to block non-specific binding of the CD68 antibody, and then incubated with 1:200 dilution of primary antibody (mouse anti-CD68 antibody; Serotec, NC) for 1 h. Sections were rinsed 3 times in PBS and incubated for 10 minutes with a biotinylated rat anti-mouse secondary antibody. Tissue was rinsed 3X in PBS and then incubated for 5 min in an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin solution. Finally, staining was developed using the Vector Red Kit (Vector Laboratories). Staining was stopped by dipping the slides into distilled water. Slides were then dehydrated by sequential immersion into 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% ethanol, stained with hemaetoxylin for 1 min, and then cleared with xylene for 3 min and mounted in a resinous medium. These CD68+ stained sections were later used as “guide slides” during laser capture microdissection (LCM) in order to assure that all laser-captured material was specific for CD68+ cells (which were mainly monocyte-derived macrophages and foam cells).
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