Fdr axp55

The morphologies and microstructures of all electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, MIRA3) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS, Aztec Energy), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI tecnai G2 F20), and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA-1610, SHIMADZU). Phase compositions of the as-prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Rigaku MiniFlex 600). The valence information of elements in all samples was tested by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS ESCALAB 250Xi). The contact angle between electrodes and water was measured on a Dataphysics OCA25 contact angle meter. The interfacial adhesion of the electrolytic film on the surface of the electrode was measured by a WS-2005 scratch tester. The hydrogen evolution process of each electrode was recorded with a SONY FDR-AXP55 camera.

This experiment investigated the effects of conspecific alarm cues on the foraging behavior of fasted sea urchins. The experiment group was set to simulate that conspecific alarm cues appear on the way to kelp beds (Fig. 4C). Sea urchins were fasted for 7, 14 and 21 days in the experiment groups.
An acrylic device with the raceways (70 × 6 × 5 cm) was designed according to the method of our previous study^{17 (link)} with some revisions. Five mL of conspecific alarm cues were added in the middle of the device, the wild fresh S. japonica (~ 10 g) was placed 15 cm away from the left side of the device, while the sea urchin was placed on 15 cm away from the right of the device (Fig. 4C). Foraging behavior of sea urchins was recorded for 20 min using a digital video recorder (FDR-AXP55, SONY, Japan). Arriving at the kelp within 20 min was defined as successfully foraging^{18 (link)}. The danger area (e area) refers to the position between conspecific alarm cues and the sea urchin, while the escape area (f area) refers to the 15 cm position away from the right side of the sea urchin (Fig. 4C). The time of sea urchins spent in the e and f areas was calculated individually for all the groups. The individual experiment was repeated 20 times with different sea urchins for each group (N = 20).