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14 protocols using low viscosity sodium alginate

1

Antioxidant Activity Evaluation Protocol

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PB (99.89%), sodium alginate low-viscosity (99%), LCA (≥95%), and alloxan (>98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich CO. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Calcium chloride dihydrates (CaCl2·2H2O, 98%) were purchased from Scharlab S.L (Barcelona, Spain). Ultrasonic gel was purchased from the Australian Medical Association (Perth, WA, Australia). 20,70-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corporation CO., (St. Louis, MO, USA) and 2,2′-Azobis-2-methyl-propanimidamide, dihydrochloride (AAPH) purchased from Sapphire Bioscience (Redfern, NSW, Australia).
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2

Alginate-based Hydrogel Synthesis

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PB (99.89%) was purchased from Medisca (Las Vegas, NV, USA), sodium alginate low viscosity (99%) and ULCA (≥95%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich CO., (St Louis, MO, USA). Calcium chloride dehydrates (CaCl2.2H2O, 98%) were purchased from Scharlab S.L (Sentmenat, Spain).
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3

Encapsulation of Yeast Cells

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Starting material dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) was purchased from a nearby authentic bakery (Polo Enterprises, Lucknow). Sodium alginate low viscosity (a viscosity of 2 % solution: 100-300 cP) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Rhodamine B (Rd B) was purchased from sigma Aldrich. All other analytical chemicals and solvents used in the study were HPLC grade purchased from Merck (Mumbai, India). All aqueous solutions were prepared from triple distilled water (TDW).
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4

Alginate-Chitosan Hydrogel Formulation

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Low viscosity sodium alginate (CAS Number: 9005-38-3); Brookfield viscosity 4–12 cps (1% in H2O at 25 °C) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA). High molecular weight chitosan (CAS Number: 9012-76-4, molecular weight: 310–375 kDa) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). A commercially available product calcium chloride, CaCl2 was used as a calcium donating substance (Kemika, Zagreb, Croatia). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and used as received without further purification. Derivatives of dehydroamino acids were synthesized in the laboratory of professor Alexander Prosyanik (Dnipro, Ukraine).
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5

Gliclazide-Alginate Microcapsule Formulation

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Gliclazide (99.92 %), low-viscosity sodium alginate (99 %) and cholic acid (98 %) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co, USA. Calcium chloride dehydrate (98 %) was obtained from Scharlab S.L, Australia. All solvents and reagents were supplied by Merck (Australia) and were of HPLC grade and used without further purification.
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6

Microfluidic Synthesis of Fluorescent Extracellular Vesicles

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The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) flow-focusing device and the microchannel were fabricated with SYLGARD 184 Silicone Elastomer Base (Krayden, Denver, CO) and SYLGARD 184 Silicone Elastomer Curing Agent (Krayden, Denver, CO). The dispersed phase contained low viscosity sodium alginate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 50 nm CaCO3 nanoparticles (US Research Nanomaterials, Inc., Houston, TX) dissolved in D-mannitol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The continuous phase contained 3M Novec 7500 Engineered Fluid (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and Pico-Surf 1 (Sphere Fluidics Limited, Cambridge, UK). The microdroplets were crosslinked with glacial acetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), demulsified with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluoro-1-octanol (PFO) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and were further crosslinked with CaCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Fluorescent EVμBRs were generated by coating the microgels with 30 – 50 kDa poly-L-lysine hydrobromide FITC (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) traps were fabricated with the PRIMO optical module (Alvéole, Paris, FR), 10 kDa 4-arm-PEG-acrylate (Laysan Bio, Inc., Arab, AL), and PLPP (Alvéole, Paris, FR).
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7

Alginate-Based Microparticles for Insulin Encapsulation

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Low-viscosity sodium alginate (viscosity of 1% solution at 25°C, 4–12 cP), dextran sulfate, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80®), phosphotungstic acid, trifluoroacetic acid 99%, and acetonitrile (LiChrosolv) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade were all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA); calcium carbonate (Setacarb; Omya, Orgon, France), paraffin oil (Scharlau, Barcelona, Spain), insulin 100 IU/mL (Actrapid®; Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark), poloxamer 188 (Lutrol®F68; BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), sodium citrate dehydrate (Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA), and Nile red (Sigma-Aldrich Co.) were also obtained.
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8

Alginate-Chitosan Nanoparticle Synthesis

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Low viscosity sodium alginate (CAS Number: 9005-38-3; Brookfield viscosity 4–12 cps (1% in H2O at 25 °C) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (USA). Low molecular weight chitosan (CAS RN: 9012-76-4, molecular weight: 100,000–300,000 Da) was obtained from Acros Organic (USA). A commercially available product calcium chloride, CaCl2 was used as a calcium donating substance (Kemika Croatia). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and used as-received without further purification. Trans-diaqua-trans-bis [1-hydroxy-1,2-di (methoxycarbonyl) ethenato] copper was synthesized in the laboratory of Professor Alexander Prosyanik (Ukraine).
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9

Preparation of Probucol-UDCA Formulation

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Probucol, metformin, low viscosity sodium alginate, ursodeoxycholic acid and sodium alginate were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co, USA, while calcium chloride from Scharlab S.L, Australia. The reagents were purchased from Merck (Australia) and were used without modifications. Stock of PB (20 mg/mL) and UDCA (4 mg/mL) were prepared by vortexing the powders with 10% gel3 ,14 ,27 –29 (link). Preparations were mixed for 7 hours, and used within two day of preparation.
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10

Preparation and Characterization of Polysaccharides

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Low viscosity sodium alginate and heparin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Chondroitin sulfate and poly-GalA were obtained from Alfa Aesar. Hyaluronic acid, potassium salt from human umbilical cord, and heparin sulfate were obtained from MP biomedicals and sagent pharmaceuticals, respectively. Poly-GlcA was prepared from Avicel PH-105 NF (FMC Biopolymer) and its structure confirmed by 1H NMR as described previously [5 (link)]. Poly-ManA, poly-GulA, and poly-MG were prepared via partial acid hydrolysis of sodium alginate, and structure was confirmed by 1H NMR as described previously [5 (link)]. All prepared polysaccharide samples were dialyzed against 4 L of ddH2O for 40 h at 4 °C with one buffer exchange, lyophilized, and stored as powders at 4 °C until needed.
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