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144 protocols using veleta camera

1

Negative Staining and Immunogold Labeling for Electron Microscopy

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For the negative stain, glow-discharged 400 mesh copper/carbon-coated grids (Electron Microscopy Sciences) were placed on 5 to 10 µl of liquid sample for 1 min and then briefly washed with drops of distilled water. The grids were stained in 2% uranyl acetate (Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 1 min and blotted dry on Whatman filter paper (Sigma-Aldrich). Imaging was performed on a Libra 120 electron microscope (Zeiss) at an acceleration voltage of 120 kV using a Veleta camera (Olympus).
For the immunogold electron microscopy, thin sections of Epon-embedded tissue (Electron Microscopy Sciences) (61 (link)) were placed on nickel grids (Electron Microscopy Sciences) and etched in 3% sodium (meta)periodate (Electron Microscopy Sciences) two times for 30 min each and then washed with double-distilled H2O. Sections were incubated in PBS containing 10% FBS for 30 min and incubated overnight in GFP antisera (Invitrogen; 1:50 at 4°C). After several washes in PBS, grids were incubated at room temperature in goat anti-rabbit secondary (Jackson ImmunoResearch; 1:20). Grids were washed in PBS and fixed briefly in 2% glutaraldehyde (Sigma-Aldrich). Staining was performed using uranyl acetate, followed by lead citrate. Grids were viewed on a Libra 120 electron microscope (Zeiss) using a Veleta camera (Olympus).
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2

Ultrastructural Analysis of Red Blood Cells

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RBC pellets were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and 4% formaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH = 7.4) with 3% sucrose and 3 mM CaCl2. Postfixation was done with 2% osmium for 2 h. RBCs were stained en bloc with 2% uranyl acetate in distilled water for 30 min and subsequently dehydrated in a graded ethanol series. Embed 812 (EMS) was used as the embedding medium. Thin sections (70–80 nm) were cut on a Reichert Jung Ultracut E microtome and placed on formvar-coated 100 mesh copper grids. Grids were stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate. TEM was performed using a Zeiss Libra 120 instrument equipped with a Veleta camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH, Munster, Germany).
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3

Ultrastructural Analysis of Pancreatic Tissue

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Pancreas was dissected and small pieces were fixed in 2,5% glutaraldehyde +1% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 at room temperature for 30 min and stored in fixative at 4 °C. Specimens were rinsed in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 and postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 at 4 °C for two hours, dehydrated in ethanol followed by acetone and embedded in LX-112 (Ladd, Burlington, Vermont, USA). Semi-thin sections were cut and stained with toluidine blue O and used for light microscopic analysis. Ultrathin sections (approximately 50–60 nm) were cut by a Leica EM UC 6 (Leica, Wien, Austria) and contrasted with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate and examined in a Tecnai 12 Spirit Bio TWIN transmission electron microscope (FEI company, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) at 100 kV. Digital images were taken by using a Veleta camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions, GmbH, Münster, Germany).
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4

Ultrastructural Analysis of Nuclear Deformities

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Seventy-week animals [n = 2 (one male and one female) for HGPS; n = 1 (female) for wild-type] were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and the hippocampus, femur and abdominal white fat were dissected. These tissues were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde + 1% PFA in 0.1 m phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 at room temperature for 30 min and stored at 4°C. Specimens were rinsed in 0.1 m phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 and post fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide 0.1 m phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 at 4°C for 2 h, dehydrated in ethanol followed by acetone, and embedded in LX-112 (Ladd, Burlington, Vermont, USA). Semi-thin sections were cut and stained with toluidine blue O and used for light microscopic analysis. Ultrathin sections (∼40–50 nm) were cut by a Leica EM UC 6 (Leica, Wien, Austria) and contrasted with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate and examined using a Tecnai 12 Spirit Bio TWIN transmission electron microscope (FEI Company, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) at 100 kV. Digital images were randomly taken with a Veleta camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions, GmbH, Münster, Germany). A total of 130 hippocampal neurons, 50 osteoblasts, 50 osteocytes and 50 adipocytes were assessed for nuclear shape. To be counted as a misshapen, the nucleus had to present with lobulations and folds that altered the normal round shape of the nucleus.
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5

Ultrastructural Analysis of Silica Particle Phagocytosis

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Cells were collected and fixed in 0.1 M glutaraldehyde solution. Transmission electron microscopy was performed to examine phagocytosis of silica particles and the effect on cellular mitochondrial morphology. The protocol was described in previous study [6 (link)]. In brief, the cell pellets were fixed in a 0.1 M glutaraldehyde solution. The pellets were then post fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M PB, pH 7.4 at 4 °C for 2 h, dehydrated in ethanol followed by acetone, and embedded in LX-112 (Ladd, Burlington, VT). Ultrathin sections (≈60–80 nm) were cut by a Leica ultracut UCT (Leica, Wien, Austria) and contrasted with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate and examined with in Tecnai 12 Spirit Bio TWIN transmission electron microscope (Fei company, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) at 100 kV. Digital images were captured by using a Veleta camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions, GmbH, Munster, Germany).
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6

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Cells Exposed to Nanomaterials

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HMDM were exposed to SWCNTs or GO in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with FBS for 24 h and then washed with PBS, trypsinated, and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 3 min. Cells were then fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer containing 0.1 M sucrose and 3 mM CaCl2, pH 7.4, and stored in the refrigerator. Cells were washed in buffer and postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide in 0.07 M sodium cacodylate buffer containing 1.5 mM CaCl2, pH 7.4, at 4° C for 2 h, dehydrated in ethanol followed by acetone, and embedded in LX-112 (Ladd, Burlington, VT). Sections were contrasted with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate and were examined in a Tecnai 12 Spirit Bio TWIN TEM (FEI Company, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) at 100 kV. Digital images were taken using a Veleta camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions, GmbH, Münster, Germany).
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7

Ultrastructural Analysis of Mouse Hippocampus

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Freshly isolated mouse hippocampus samples were fixed overnight in a solution of 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde plus 2% (v/v) paraformaldehyde in 100 mM sodium cacodylate (pH 7.2) at 4 °C. After the samples had been washed, postfixation was performed in a 1% OsO4 solution in 100 mM sodium cacodylate (pH 7.2) at 4 °C. Sections were contrasted with a saturated uranyl acetate solution in 50% ethanol for 15 min, followed by incubation in a 0.5% (w/v) lead citrate solution in distilled water for 7 min. Finally, the samples were analyzed with a Tecnai G2 transmission electron microscope (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, USA) operating at 100 kV. Images were acquired with a Veleta camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions, Italy).
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8

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Cells

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TEM was performed as previously described by Ruzzenente and co-workers [34 (link)]. In brief, the cells were first fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, in a refrigerator, then rinsed with the same phosphate buffer and post-fixed in 2% osmium tetroxide in this buffer at 4°C for 2 hours, dehydrated in ethanol and then acetone and embedded in LX-112 (Ladd, Burlington, Vermont, USA). Ultrathin sections (approximately 40–50 nm thick) were prepared with a Leica ultracut UCT (Leica; Wien, Austria), contrasted with uranyl acetate and then lead citrate and examined under a Tecnai 12 Spirit Bio TWIN transmission electron microscope (FEI Company, Eindhoven, Netherlands) at 100 kV. Digital images were captured using a Veleta camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions, GmbH, Münster, Germany) and the different cell types identified on the basis of size, shape and location according to the criteria formulated by Sathananthan and colleagues [35 (link)].
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9

Transmission Electron Microscopy of Gradient Samples

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The upper and lower light scattering bands (3 µl) collected from the gradient tubes were fixed with 1 % neutral buffered formalin, allowed to attach to a glow-discharged carbon-coated copper grid for ~5 min and washed with distilled water for 10 s. Excess solution was removed with filter paper. The sample was stained with 1 % uranyl acetate for 5–10 s, excess solution was removed and the sample was allowed to dry. Grids were examined in a Tecnai 12 Spirit Bio-Twin transmission electron microscope (FEI) at 100 kV. Digital images were taken with a Veleta camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions).
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10

Quantifying Cardiomyocyte Mitochondrial Density

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Small pieces (2-3 mm3) of LV myocardium of WT and Mlp−/− mice were dissected and fixed for 30 min at room temperature in fixation buffer (2% glutaraldehyde + 1% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) and stored at 4 °C. After rinsing them with 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, specimens were postfixed for 2 h in 2% osmium tetroxide 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 at 4 °C, then dehydrated in ethanol followed by acetone and embedded in LX-112 (Ladd, Burlington, Vermont, USA). Leica ultracut UCT (Leica, Wien, Austria) was utilized to prepare ultrathin sections (approximately 50-60 nm). The sections were later contrasted with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate and examined in a 100 kV Hitachi HT 7700 (Tokyo, Japan) and the digital images were captured with a Veleta camera (Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions, GmbH, Münster, Germany). Mitochondrial volume density (Vv) was calculated by point counting on printed digital images using a 2 cm square lattice. From each animal, 9 randomly taken images were utilized for appropriate sampling. The number was estimated by utilizing the cumulative mean plot66 .
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