For the experiments to evaluate the effect of exogenous resolvin D1 on NSAID-induced small intestinal damage, 10 μg/kg BW of resolvin D1 (Cayman Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was intraperitoneally administered 3 and 24 h before administration of indomethacin. To examine the effect of endogenous resolvin D1, 200 mg/kg BW of baicalein (Tokyo Chemical Industry, Tokyo, Japan), the 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitor, in PBS was administered 3 and 24 h before administration of indomethacin. Boc-1 (Bachem AG, Bubendorf, Switzerland) and WRW4 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) were used as inhibitors of the resolvin D1 receptor ALX/FPR2. Boc-1 (5 mg/kg BW) or WRW4 (1 mg/kg BW) was intraperitoneally administered 3 and 24 h before administration of indomethacin.
Resolvin d1
Manufactured by Cayman Chemical
Sourced in United States
Resolvin D1 is a lipid mediator derived from the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It functions as a pro-resolving agent, promoting the resolution of inflammation.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Resolvin d2, by Cayman Chemical (5 mentions)
Resolvin e1, by Cayman Chemical (3 mentions)
8 isoprostane, by Cayman Chemical (3 mentions)
Lipoxin a4, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
Leukotriene b4, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
15 hete, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
Resolvin d3, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
Docosahexaenoic acid, by Cayman Chemical (2 mentions)
Boc 1, by Bachem (1 mentions)
Baicalein, by Tokyo Chemical Industry (1 mentions)
Ch2cl2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Lipoxin b4, by Cayman Chemical (1 mentions)
C reactive protein (crp), by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Desmosine, by MyBioSource (1 mentions)
Fibrinogen, by Abcam (1 mentions)
Icam 1, by R&D Systems (1 mentions)
High performance liquid chromatography (hplc), by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Lipopolysaccharide lps, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sybr green master mix, by Bio-Rad (1 mentions)
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
21 protocols using resolvin d1
1
Resolvin D1 Attenuates NSAID-Induced Intestinal Damage
2
Synthesis of Specialized Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators
3
Resolvin-Loaded Disc Preparation
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Resolvin D1 or resolvin E1 (Cayman chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) (100 or 800 ng per disc in 20 µL of an ethanol solution) was added dropwise to the discs using a micropipette. Discs were then lyophilized at −100 °C and 1.1 bar for 24 h and kept at −80 °C.
4
Measurement of Inflammatory Biomarkers
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Plasma levels of biomarkers were measured using commercially available ELISA kits: C-reactive protein (CRP) (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), desmosine (MyBiosource, San Diego, CA, USA), 8-isoprostane, prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, resolvin D1, resolvin D2, resolvin E1, leukotriene E4 (Cayman, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), fibrinogen (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 (R&D Systems), 4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde (Cell Biolabs, San Diego, CA, USA) and lipoxin A4 (TSZ ELISA, Waltham, MA, USA). Urine samples were analysed for 8-isoprostane, leukotriene E4, desmosine and 8-oxo-dG (HT 8-Oxo-dG Human ELISA; Trevigen, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). Salivary biomarkers IL-1β, IL-6, prostaglandin E2, resolvin D1 and resolvin D2 were also measured. EBC samples were analysed for 8-isoprostane. All these biomarkers were measured quantitatively as per the manufacturers' instructions.
5
Synthesis and Characterization of Resolvin D1 Analogues
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Chemical reagents including fluorescein sodium salt (NaFluo), 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH, granules, 97%), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, powder) were purchased from MilliporeSigma Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). The antioxidants as controls including ascorbic acid (AA, 99%) and (±)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox, 97%) were also obtained from MilliporeSigma Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). A Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay Kit (Colorimetric) was purchased from Invitrogen by Thermo Fisher Scientific (Frederick, MD, USA). Resolvin D1 was purchased from Cayman Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, MI, USA) and stored at −80 °C. Two imidazole-derived Resolvin D1 analogues including (4Z,7R,8R,9E)-7,8-dihydroxy-10-(5-(1-hydroxyhexyl)-1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)deca-4,9-dienoic acid (Analogue 1) and methyl (4Z,7S,8R,9E)-7,8-dihydroxy-10-(5-(1-hydroxyhexyl)-1,2-dimethyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)deca-4,9-dienoate (Analogue 2) were synthesized by Poirier’s research group. The purity of the final compound’s RvD1 analogues 1 and 2 to be tested was determined with a Shimadzu HPLC (Tokyo, Japan) apparatus equipped with an SPD-M20A photodiode array detector, a Setima HPLC18 reversed-phase column (250 mm × 4.6 mm) and using a solvent gradient of MeOH:water from 70:30 to 100:0 on a 30 min run. The wavelength of the UV detector was 245 nm.
6
Resolvin D1 Injection Attenuates OA
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One week prior to experimental OA-induction, obese mice were treated with 20 ng/µl Resolvin D1 (Cayman Chemical, Redfern, NSW, Australia) or placebo (1% ethanol in PBS) by intra-articular injection in 10 μL volume. All experimental mice were injected one week prior surgery and on week 1 and week 6 after surgery in the OA model and euthanized at 8 weeks post-surgery and the knee joint tissues were harvested.
7
Mitochondrial Dynamics Regulation in LPS-induced Inflammation
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Resolvin D1 (RvD1) was obtained from Cayman Chemical Co. (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA). SYBR Green Master Mix was purchased from Bio–Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). The following antibodies were obtained commercially: dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1) and optic atrophy-1 (Opa-1) antibodies were obtained from Novus Biologicals (A-8 Littleton, CO 80120 USA); anti-caspase3 antibody anti-cytochrome C antibody was obtained from Abcam plc (Cambridge, UK); and anti-GAPDH antibody was obtained from Biox Technology Co., Ltd. (Boston, MA, USA).
8
Antioxidant and Cytokine Assay Protocol
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Chemicals were obtained from the following sources: resolvin D1 from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA); brilliant blue R, reduced glutathione (GSH), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB), o-dianisidine dihydrochloride, 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), and bisacrylamide from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); tert-butyl hydroperoxide from Acros (Pittsburgh, PA, USA); tris from Amresco (Solon, OH, USA); ELISA kits for determination of cytokine from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, USA); and acrylamide, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), platinum SYBRGreen, and superscript III kits from Invitrogen. All other reagents used were from pharmaceutical grade.
9
Enzyme Immunoassay for Eicosanoids
10
Resolvin D1 Modulation of Cellular Responses
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RPMI-1640 cell culture medium, penicillin/streptomycin, and L-glutamine were purchased from Lonza (Walkerville, IL, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was from Atlanta Biologicals (Norcross, GA, USA). Fura-2/AM and Amplex Red were from ThermoFisher (Waltham, MA, USA). Inhibitors and suppliers are listed in the Table .
Resolvin D1 (7S,8R,17S-trihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, RvD1) was from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). RvD1 dissolved in ethanol as supplied by the manufacturer was stored at −80°C with minimal exposure to light. Immediately before use, RvD1 was diluted with either RPMI or Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with HEPES (KRB-HEPES, 119 mM NaCl, 4.8 mM KCl, 1.0 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, and 5.5 mM glucose [pH 7.45]) to the desired concentration (10−8 M) and added to the cells.
Resolvin D1 (7S,8R,17S-trihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid, RvD1) was from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). RvD1 dissolved in ethanol as supplied by the manufacturer was stored at −80°C with minimal exposure to light. Immediately before use, RvD1 was diluted with either RPMI or Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer with HEPES (KRB-HEPES, 119 mM NaCl, 4.8 mM KCl, 1.0 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM MgSO4, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 25 mM NaHCO3, 10 mM HEPES, and 5.5 mM glucose [pH 7.45]) to the desired concentration (10−8 M) and added to the cells.
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