The thermoforming process was carried out with a CR Clarke 725FLB vacuum thermoforming machine using the positive method. Due to the dimensional restrictions of film width, it was necessary to reduce the thermoforming field (see Figure 1 a). The temperature of the heating plate was set at 190 °C, while heating time varied between 25–30 s. The thermoforming ability was checked using the positive method of thermoforming with a single-plug assist with its height of 84.5 mm and the outer diameter of 40 mm at the top and 60 mm at the bottom. In all thermoformed films, a webbing effect was observed (see Figure 1 b), which could appear due to the longitudinal orientation of the films that were uniaxial-oriented during the casting and working of wind rolls. In order to determine the effect of film composition on the local thinning of thermoformed cup walls, measurements of the wall thickness were carried out using a Mitutoyo micrometer (Mitutoyo Polska Sp. zo.o., Wrocław, Poland).
Micrometer
Manufactured by Mitutoyo
Sourced in Japan, Germany, Spain, United States
The Micrometer is a precision measuring instrument used to measure the thickness or diameter of small objects with high accuracy. It consists of a U-shaped frame with a spindle that rotates a thimble-shaped sleeve, allowing for precise measurements down to 0.01 millimeters or 0.001 inches.
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Lab products found in correlation
Recombinant mouse il 23, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Ovalbumin (ova), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Mc903, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Mc903, by Mitutoyo (2 mentions)
Aldara cream, by 3M (2 mentions)
Ags x, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Genesys 150 spectrophotometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Mc903, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)
Lorglumide, by Abcam (1 mentions)
C b 17 icr scid scid mice, by CLEA Japan (1 mentions)
Jsm 7800f prime, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Agilent 1260 series, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Diamonsil c18 column, by Dikma Technologies (1 mentions)
Bz 9000e series microscope, by Keyence (1 mentions)
Elipar s10, by 3M (1 mentions)
Oxazolone, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Hexane, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Acetone, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Spectrum 2, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
103 protocols using micrometer
1
Thermoforming Optimization of Uniaxially Oriented Films
2
Mechanical Properties Evaluation
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The mechanical properties were measured using a universal testing machine Shimadzu AGS-X (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD, USA) equipped with a load cell of 100 N at a speed of 1 mm·min−1. The analysis was performed according to the ASTM D-1708-96 Norm. Ten specimens of each film were tested, and the average values are presented in this paper. The thickness of the film was measured using a Mitutoyo micrometer (Mitutoyo, Naucalpan de Juárez, Mexico).
3
Topical Calcipotriol Induces Ear Inflammation
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MC903 (calcipotriol, Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in EtOH and topically applied to mouse ears. Mice were sensitized with 2 nmol of MC903 for 7 days unless specified otherwise. As vehicle control, the same volume of EtOH was applied to mouse ears. During MC903 treatment, ear thickness was measured and recorded using a micrometer (Mitutoyo, Kawasaki City, Tokyo).
4
Evaluating Film Barrier Properties
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The barrier properties of films against ultraviolet and visible light were assessed according to the methodology followed by Dick et al. [18 (link)]. For this purpose, films were cut into rectangular pieces of 1 cm width and placed inside a glass spectrophotometer cell. The light transmission of the samples was tested using a UV-Visible Genesys 150 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), from 280 to 800 nm, using an empty test cell as a blank. The transparency of the films was calculated according to the Equation (2):
where A600 is the absorbance of the film sample at 600 nm and x is the film thickness (mm).
Film thickness was measured with a micrometer (Mitutoyo, Kanagawa, Japan), with a precision of ±1 µm. The thickness was measured in seven different areas, one of them in the centre of the film and the other six around the film perimeter.
where A600 is the absorbance of the film sample at 600 nm and x is the film thickness (mm).
Film thickness was measured with a micrometer (Mitutoyo, Kanagawa, Japan), with a precision of ±1 µm. The thickness was measured in seven different areas, one of them in the centre of the film and the other six around the film perimeter.
5
Interleukin-23 Induced Mouse Skin Inflammation
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Example 28
IL-23 Injection Model of Mouse Skin Inflammation
Ears from BALB/c mice were each injected intra-dermally every other day with 150 ng of mouse recombinant IL-23 (eBiosciences) or PBS in a total volume of 25 μl. Ear swelling was measured in triplicate using a micrometer (Mitutoyo) right before each IL-23 challenge. On Day 14, mice were euthanized and ears were collected for measurement of cytokine levels, gene expression levels and hystopathological evaluation. Mice were administered 3-100 mg/kg of an RORC2 modulator or vehicle once daily orally for the duration of the study. Alternatively, the RORC2 modulator was applied topically once or twice daily using a standard formulation (EtOH:propylene glycol:dimethyl isosorbide:DMSO, 38:30:15:15) at a concentration of 0.1% to 5.0%.
References describing aspects of this assay include: Muramoto, K. et al. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2010, 335(1), 23-31; Fridman, J. S. et al. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2011, 131(9), 1838-1844.
6
Topical MC903 Ear Inflammation Model
7
Tensile Properties of CNC-TOCNF Films
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Flat samples of CNC-TOCNF films were cut using two parallel razor blades separated with 151 a 6 mm spacing block in to rectangular sheets derived from regions of the parent film (center, mid-152 point, edge). Sample dimensions were 6 mm x 5 mm x 30 µm (width, height measured with 153 Pittsburgh calipers ± 5 µm, and thickness measured with a Mitutoyo micrometer ± 0.5 µm). 154
Tensile tests were carried out on an Instron 5944 with a 500 N static load cell (Instron Serial No. 155 304384) using custom film clamps (Figure S1) secured with a torque of 0.45 N m on each bolt. 156 Films were stretched in tension at 0.5 mm min -1 until failure. The Young's modulus, ultimate 157 tensile strength, and elongation at break were characterized according to ASTM E111-97. (ASTM, 158 1997) 159
Tensile tests were carried out on an Instron 5944 with a 500 N static load cell (Instron Serial No. 155 304384) using custom film clamps (Figure S1) secured with a torque of 0.45 N m on each bolt. 156 Films were stretched in tension at 0.5 mm min -1 until failure. The Young's modulus, ultimate 157 tensile strength, and elongation at break were characterized according to ASTM E111-97. (ASTM, 158 1997) 159
8
Scoring Skin Inflammation in Mice
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Erythema and scaling were scored blindly based on the clinical Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Photos of back skin taken each day were distributed randomly to three people for scoring erythema and scaling on a scale from 0 to 4. 0, none; 1, slight; 2, moderate; 3, marked; 4, very marked; and the scores were averaged. The level of erythema was scored using a scoring table with red taints. Back skin thickness was measured every day, from day 0 before treatment, and on day 6, before sacrificing mice using a micrometer (Mitutoyo, Japan). The cumulative score (erythema plus scaling plus thickening) served as a measure of the severity of inflammation (scale 0–12).
9
Assessing Leaf Functional Traits
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To analyze leaf-level response to direct and diffuse light treatments, additional functional measurements were done on 4 August. Functional traits were measured on three leaves per plant. Leaf temperature was measured with a thermocouple placed on the adaxial surface and the first stable temperature recorded. Leaf thickness was measured on each plant with a micrometer (resolution of 0.001 mm; Mitutoyo Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan). Chlorophyll content was measured using a SPAD handheld device (SPAD 502 Plus Chlorophyll Meter, . CC-BY-NC 4.0 International license available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted February 19, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.15.480600 doi: bioRxiv preprint Spectrum Technologies Inc., Aurora, IL) that was calibrated between each measurement. Leaf curling was calculated by adapting methods from Shi et al. (2007) (link) and comparing the length and width of flattened leaves to the same measurements after leaves were allowed to curl naturally.
Leaf area and specific leaf area (the ratio of leaf area to leaf dry mass) were calculated using a digital scanner and microbalance. Leaf area was analyzed using ImageJ v.1.51S (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).
The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted February 19, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.15.480600 doi: bioRxiv preprint Spectrum Technologies Inc., Aurora, IL) that was calibrated between each measurement. Leaf curling was calculated by adapting methods from Shi et al. (2007) (link) and comparing the length and width of flattened leaves to the same measurements after leaves were allowed to curl naturally.
Leaf area and specific leaf area (the ratio of leaf area to leaf dry mass) were calculated using a digital scanner and microbalance. Leaf area was analyzed using ImageJ v.1.51S (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).
10
Film Thickness and Mechanical Properties
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Thickness of all the films was determined using a micrometer (Mitutoyo Corp., Kawasaki-shi, Japan) at 10 randomly selected spots, and the average thickness was then computed. Measurements of Young’s modulus (YM), tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) were carried out with the aid of the Universal Testing Machine (Lloyd Instruments, Hampshire, UK) [45 (link)]. Ten film samples (20 × 40 mm2) with an initial grip length of 30 mm were clamped, and testing was carried out using a load cell of 200 N and a cross-head speed of 30 mm/min.
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