The phase diagram of TBA/water system had been well studied by Kasra Kasraian (1995 (link)), which illustrated that the frozen crystallization behavior of TBA/water system would vary with TBA/water ratio (v/v). For further investigation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiment was conducted to explore the thermodynamic behavior of TBA/water system during freeze-drying. Approximately 5 mg of following samples were tested in DSC: TBA/water 1:4, TBA/water 1:4 + lecithin, TBA/water 3:2, TBA/water 3:2 + lecithin and lipid vesicle suspension. The onset of freezing was measured by NETZSCH DSC 200 F3 Maia (NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany) with a pre-determined protocol: The samples were successively frozen to −40 °C, heated to −7 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min, maintained thermostatic for 10 min, again frozen to −40 °C and heated to 40 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min.
Dsc 200 f3 maia
Manufactured by Netzsch
Sourced in Germany
The DSC 200 F3 Maia is a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) instrument designed for thermal analysis. It measures the heat flow associated with phase transitions and chemical reactions in materials as a function of temperature and time.
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Lab products found in correlation
Nicolet 6700, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Vcx130, by Sonics (1 mentions)
Vc 18 probe, by Sonics (1 mentions)
Proteus software, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Proteus software thermal analysis version 6, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Ecz 600 instrument, by JEOL (1 mentions)
Mg oh 2, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Phosphoric acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Unity inova 400, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
F 4600 fluorescence spectrophotometer, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Zetasizer nano zs90, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
Quanta 200, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
D max 2500, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
200f3maia, by Netzsch (1 mentions)
Sirion 200, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Smartlab3, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Phi 5000c esca system, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
1 ethyl 3 methylimidazolium chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
X pert pro mpd equipment, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
Mars 6 microwave, by CEM Corporation (1 mentions)
29 protocols using dsc 200 f3 maia
1
Thermal Behavior of TBA/Water System
2
Mechanical and Thermal Analysis of 3D Printed Samples
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Samples were subjected to tensile tests (at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min and according to the ASTM D638 [39 ]), flexural (at a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min and according to the ASTM D790 [41 ]) and also compression (with a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min according to the ASTM D695 [42 ]) using W-150 S universal testing machine. Fuselage sections were fabricated using an infill density of 100% and its compression properties were also tested by using a W-150 S universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min. To highlight glass transition, melting and crystallization of the as-received filament and extruded material, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was carried out under the nitrogen atmosphere using NETZSCH DSC 200 F3 Maia (NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Germany). DSC analysis were performed in accordance with ASTM D3418 [45 ] at a rate of 10 °C/min, cooling to −150 °C and then heating to 500 °C. For analyzing the degradation temperature and weight loss, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) were performed on the NETZSCH TG STA 449F3 Jupiter (NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany). TGA was conducted from 20 °C to 500 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min according to the ASTM Standard E1131 [46 ]. For the DSC and TGA analyses the mass of material was taken from the core area of the samples.
3
Lipid-Drug Interaction in SLN Formulations
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The interaction of DAP was evaluated in four different lipids commonly used to formulate SLNs. Known amounts of physical mixtures of lipid and DAP (1:1 w/w) were heated at 100°C and then left at room temperature (25°C) until solidification. The obtained melted mixtures were further analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (DSC 200 F3 Maia®; Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb-Germany), in order to investigate the lipid–drug interaction phenomena.
Subsequently, four lipids were chosen to produce pilot nanoparticles, as given in the “Production of SLNs” section, at fixed amounts of lipid (200 mg) and surfactant (60 mg), and process parameters (70% of sonicator amplitude during 5 minutes) (VibraCell VCX 130 equipped with a VC 18 probe, Sonics & Materials Inc., Newtown, CT, USA), in order to evaluate the influence of the type of lipid on entrapment efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC).
Subsequently, four lipids were chosen to produce pilot nanoparticles, as given in the “Production of SLNs” section, at fixed amounts of lipid (200 mg) and surfactant (60 mg), and process parameters (70% of sonicator amplitude during 5 minutes) (VibraCell VCX 130 equipped with a VC 18 probe, Sonics & Materials Inc., Newtown, CT, USA), in order to evaluate the influence of the type of lipid on entrapment efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC).
4
Thermal Analysis of Binary Mixtures
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DSC measurements were performed using DSC 200 F3 Maia (Netzsch). Approximately 10 mg of binary mixtures or an equivalent amount of DAP was weighted in an aluminum pan and sealed. For the nanoparticles, known amounts of the selected formulations were weighed and sealed in aluminum pans similarly. The reference pan was left empty. Heating curves for the drug and the mixtures of drug and lipid were recorded with a heating rate of 10°C/min from 25°C to 200°C. Then they were cooled to 25°C under liquid nitrogen, with a cooling rate of 40°C/min. The onset, melting point (peak maximum), and melting enthalpy (ΔH) were calculated using the (NETZSCH Proteus® Software – Thermal Analysis – Version 6.1) software provided for the DSC equipment.
5
Thermal Behavior Analysis of SIL-loaded SDs
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The thermal behavior of SIL-loaded SDs was investigated by using a DSC 200 F3 Maia (Netzsch, Germany). First, 5 mg of each sample was weighed on the standard open aluminum pan, with an empty open aluminum pan used as a reference. Each sample was heated from 5 °C to 250 °C at a rate of temperature 10 °C/min, with nitrogen gas used for the purge process. The calibration of temperature and heat flow was performed by using indium.
6
Thermal Analysis of Lipid-OND Complexes
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DSC was performed with the DSC 200 F3 Maia instrument (NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany). The samples, bulk lipids and their respective complexes were prepared as described in Section 2.2 , and the physical mixtures of the same ratio between a cationic lipid:OND 3:1, prepared by mixing, were sealed in standard aluminum crucibles. The samples were cooled down to −50 °C and kept at this temperature under isothermal conditions for 10 min. The analysis was performed at a heating rate 10 K/min in the range from −50 to 150 °C. An empty sealed crucible was used as a reference. The obtained thermograms were evaluated by Proteus Software (NETZSCH-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany).
7
Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Chitosan
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Differential scanning calorimetry analysis was performed in a DSC 200 F3 Maia ® (NETZSCH, Selb, Germany). For this, the chitosan powder and membrane samples were analyzed by weighing 2 mg of sample into a hermetically sealed aluminum crucible and heated in an oven with an inert nitrogen atmosphere applying a flow of 50 mL.min -1 , in the heating range of 25-350 °C, and a heating rate of 10 °C/min [22] (link).
8
Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis
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The DSC analyses were conducted on a DSC 200 F3 Maia device (Netzsch, Selb, Germany). Around 5 mg of each sample were weighed and placed into aluminum crucibles. The crucibles were sealed shut with pierced lids. The measurements were undertaken in a nitrogen atmosphere (50 mL min−1 flow rate). The samples were heated and cooled at rates of 10 and −10 °C min−1.
9
Thermal Analysis of Polymer Samples
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DSC was performed in a NETZSCH DSC 200 F3 Maia equipment (Netzsch-Gerätebau GmbH, Selb, Germany). The experiments were conducted with a heating rate of 10 K·min−1, in the temperature range of 30–250 °C with a nitrogen flux of 20 mL·min−1 according to ASTM D3418 with sample weights of approximately 8–10 mg. The glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc), and melting temperature (Tm) were determined.
10
Determining Glass Transition of Polyesters
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The glass transition temperature (T g ) of the polyesters was determined by differential scanning calorimetry using a DSC 200 F3 Maia ® (Netzsch, Germany). A constant nitrogen flow (50 mL min -1 ) was maintained throughout the tests. A sample amount of ≈ 10 mg was placed in aluminium pans and hermetically sealed. An empty pan was used as reference. The sample was heated to 90 °C, then cooled to -50 °C before a second heating again to 90 °C. Both cooling and heating rates were 10 °C min -1 . The value of T g was taken from the second heating cycle at the inflection point. The measurement was made in triplicate and averaged.
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