Dp20 digital camera

SA-β-Gal staining was performed as described previously [4 (link)]. Images were taken using the Olympus CKX41 inverted fluorescence microscope, supplied with a DP20 digital camera. The percentage of SA-β-gal positive cells were determined upon counting of at least 200 cells.

Serum was screened for cytokines/chemokines using a mouse Procarta Cytokine Assay Kit (Affymetrix) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The fixed ankles were decalcified in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). The ankles were embedded in paraffin, sectioned and 5-μm sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) at the Northwestern University Mouse Histology and Phenotyping Laboratory. Histopathologic scoring was performed as described [51 (link)] by a pathologist (GKH) blinded to the study, using an Olympus BS40 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Images were taken on an Olympus BX41 microscope equipped with a DP20 Digital Camera (Olympus) at magnification × 40 or × 100.

Motility of cells is associated with its migration and invasion, as well as adhesion, to extracellular matrix proteins (ECM). Thus, we decided to evaluate if AOH might modulate this process. A migration of cells was evaluated with scratch assay. Cells were seeded onto 24- well plates and cultured until reach 100% of confluence. Then, a scratch was done with 100 µL tip, the wells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and experimental medium was added for 24 h. Scratches were photographed at time 0 and after 24 h with an Olympus CKX41 microscope (Olympus) with an Olympus DP20 digital camera (Olympus). The wound closure was calculated as a difference between the scratched area after 0 and 24 h and expressed as % of control (non-treated cells). The experiment was conducted in triplicate.

After sacrificing the mice, the whole brain was removed. Next, the cerebrum was quickly dissected into equal right and left hemispheres on dry ice. One of these hemispheres was fixed in a 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde solution (Sigma‐Aldrich) for 72 h. The tissues were embedded in paraffin after routine tissue processing. For tissue sampling, coronal serial sections (5 μm) were prepared by a microtome. According to the literature, the CC of adult C57BL/6 wild‐type mice is the most frequently studied white matter tract in the cuprizone demyelinating model (Kipp et al., 2009 (link); Stidworthy et al., 2003 (link)), and almost complete demyelination can be observed in this area after 5–6 weeks of cuprizone feeding (Kipp et al., 2009 (link); Skripuletz et al., 2011 (link)). Therefore, to assess the degree of demyelination in the CC, the tissue sections were stained for myelin with Luxol Fast Blue (Sigma‐Aldrich). They were then examined using a 10× objective lens of an Olympus BX51 microscope. Pictures were taken by an Olympus DP 20 digital camera attached to the microscope (Olympus).

We performed a smear from the treated SCC4 cells to assess the individual nuclear and cytological morphological alteration after nanocurcumin treatment. Trypsinized treated cells grown on a 6-well plate were fixed with ethanol and smeared on glass slides for H&E staining procedures. The cytological examination was performed at × 200 and × 400 powers using Olympus DP20 digital camera joined to an Olympus BX41 microscope [30 (link)].