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5 protocols using flouromount g

1

Visualizing Viral and Cellular Proteins

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Immunofluorescence assays of viral protein ICP4 were performed on cells grown on coverslips. Samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and incubated with the appropriate primary and secondary antibodies. DAPI (5 mg/ml) was added 10 min before the end of the procedure to visualize the nuclei. Cells were examined using a Zeiss Axiovert 200 fluorescence microscope. Images were captured by a Spot RT slider digital camera (Diagnostic) using MetaMorphTM imaging software, and processed using Adobe Photoshop CS4.
For confocal microscopy analysis of SAMHD1 subcellular localization, cells were grown on fibronectin-coated coverslips (20 µg/ml; Sigma) and fixed in 4% PFA. For SAMHD1 staining, blocking and staining solutions were composed of 0.2% Triton X-100, γ-globulin and TNB and appropriated primary and secondary antibodies. Samples were washed with TBS-Triton and mounted on coverslips with Flouromount-G (Thermo Fisher) containing DAPI (0.1 μM). Confocal images were obtained with an A1R + Nikon confocal microscopy attached to an inverted microscope (Eclipse Ti-E model, Nikon) with a Plan-Apocromatic 60X/1.4 oil immersion objective, using NIS Elements 4.40 acquisition software. Images were analysed with ImageJ.
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2

Immunofluorescent Staining of Microglia

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To validate in vivo imaging data mice from each experimental group were euthanized by overdose of anesthetic. For the double-immunofluorescence analysis, mice were perfused with PBS (pH 7.5) followed by 40 ​mg/ml paraformaldehyde and incubated overnight in 200 ​mg/ml phosphate-buffered sucrose. The sections were blocked in 10% goat serum and then incubated overnight at room temperature using primary antibodies diluted in 5% goat serum/PBS1x+0.25% Triton X-100 (1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-Iba1 (Wako), 1:500 anti-Gal-3 (ATCC), 1:250 rabbit anti IL-4 receptor (Santa Cruz), 1:500 rabbit anti CD11b (Serotech), 1:500 rabbit polyclonal anti-Ym1 (Stem Cell technologies) and 1:500 rabbit anti actin (Invitrogen). After washes in PBS, the sections were then incubated in corresponding fluorescent goat secondary antiserum for 2 ​h (1:500, Invitrogen), washed and mounted with Flouromount G (Thermofisher) (Rahimian et al., 2019b (link)). Alexa Fluor® 488 phalloidin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to study microglia morphology (Leica CTR 500 microscope).
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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Mouse Brain

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Mice were anesthetized and then perfused with saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (PFA/PBS), via IV cardiac puncture. Brains were removed, fixed overnight in PFA/PBS, placed in 30% sucrose for 1–2 days, frozen in OCT, and cryosectioned at 30 μm. Sections were incubated in blocking buffer (10% normal goat serum in 0.3% triton in PBS) for 1 h, incubated with primary antibodies (see antibody list in Table 2) overnight at 4 °C, washed with PBS, incubated with secondary antibody (1:600) and Hoescht (1:10,000) for 1–2 h at RT, washed, mounted with Flouromount G (ThermoFisher, New Jersey, United States, cat. 00-4958-02), and topped with a glass cover. Stained sections were imaged with an epifluorescent microscope.
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4

Immunohistochemical Tissue Staining Protocol

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Skin samples for tissue staining were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 4 °C for 1 day and then embedded in paraffin. The tissues were sectioned to a 6-μm thickness. Paraffin was removed by xylene (Sigma-Aldrich). Sections were soaked in descending alcohol. The tissue sections were boiled in sodium citrate (pH 6) for antigen retrieval, treated with 3.5% H2O2 (Sigma-Aldrich) in methanol, blocked using 5% goat serum for 1 h at room temperature, treated with the primary antibody overnight at 4 °C, and then incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with either horseradish peroxidase (Invitrogen) or fluorescent dyes (Alexa Fluor 488- or 546-conjugated secondary antibodies) (Invitrogen) for 2 h at room temperature. For immunofluorescence staining, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was used as a nuclear counterstain. For immunohistochemistry, samples were further treated with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (Dako, Glostrup Kommune, Denmark) and were then counterstained with hematoxylin (Millipore). The slides for immunohistochemistry were sealed with a coverslip using the Surgipath micromount (Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany). The slides for immunofluorescence staining were sealed using Flouromount-G (Invitrogen).
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5

Measuring DNA Damage in Irradiated Cells

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RT112 cells were cultured on 10 mm No. 1 cover glasses (VWR) that had been sterilised with 70% ethanol and rinsed with PBS prior to ionising radiation. After incubation with bacterial supernatants and irradiation, cells were allowed to recover for indicated times prior to permeabilisation with 0.3% Triton X-100. Cells were fixed with ice cold 4% paraformaldehyde and blocked by incubation in 5% BSA, as described previousl y[84 (link)]. After incubation with primary γH2AX (mouse anti-phospho-Histone H2A.X (Ser139) IgG; clone JBW301, Millipore) and secondary (goat anti-mouse IgG, Alexa Fluor 488, ThermoFisher) antibodies, coverslips were mounted on microscopy slides using mounting reagent, Flouromount G, with DAPI (Invitrogen). Fluorescent foci were imaged using a Zeiss 710 confocal microscopy using either a 40X or 63X objective. All microscopy images were analysed with FIJI (ImageJ) software.
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