Palmitoleic acid

HPLC-grade acetonitrile, chloroform and hexane were purchased from Pharmco-AAPER (Louisville, KY, USA). Boron trichloride/methanol (BCl3-MeOH, 12% w∕w) and 2,2-dimethoxypropane were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fatty acid standards [i.e., palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:l), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (Cl8:1), linoleic acid (Cl8:2), linolenic acid (C18:3)] were from MP Biomedicals (Solon, OH, USA). Deuterated fatty acid and glycerolipid standards [i.e., pentadecanoic-2,2-d2 acid, tridecanoic-2,2-d2 acid, and glyceryl tri(hexadecanoate-2,2-d2)] were purchased from CDN Isotopes (Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada). FAME mixed standards (AOCS Mix 6, 50.0 mg FAMEs/50.0 μL hexane) (containing methyl myristate (C14:0), 2.01% (w/v); methyl palmitate (C16:0), 29.81% (w/v); methyl palmitoleate (C16:l, cis), 3.17% (w/v); methyl stearate (C18:0), 13.91% (w/v); methyl oleate (C18:l, cis-9), 40.95% (w/v); methyl linoleate (C18:2, cis, cis'), 6.98% (w/v); and methyl linolenate (C18:3, all cis), 3.17% (w∕v)) (Catalog #: 625030) were obtained from Grace Davison Discovery Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA). All other chemicals were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Type 1 deionized water (with a resistance reading of 18.2 MΩ•cm) was made freshly by a Barnstead NANOpure® water purification system (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).