chitosan/agarose/nanoHA scaffolds with low (40 wt%; material marked as chit/aga/HA_L) and high (70 wt%; material marked as chit/aga/HA_H) nanoHA content were synthesized via combining freeze-drying and gas foaming methods, using sodium bicarbonate as a source of CO2 gas. Briefly, 2 wt% chitosan (75%–85% deacetylation degree, 50–190 kDa molecular weight, viscosity ≤300 cP, Sigma-Aldrich Co., St Louis, MO, USA) and 5 wt% agarose (gel point 36±1.5°C, low EEO, Sigma-Aldrich Co.) were dissolved in 2% acetic acid solution (Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland) and mixed with the appropriate quantity of nanoHA and sodium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich Co.). Resultant paste was transferred into cylinder-shaped mold and subjected to heating at 95°C in a water bath, followed by sample cooling, freezing in a liquid nitrogen vapor phase, and freeze-drying (LYO GT2-Basic, SRK Systemtechnik GmbH, Riedstadt, Germany). The final scaffolds were neutralized in 1% NaOH solution (Avantor Performance Materials), washed with deionized water, and air-dried. In the case of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), chitosan/agarose, chitosan, and agarose matrices (without nanoHA) were additionally prepared in an analogous manner to the scaffold production. Before all experiments, the scaffolds were sterilized using ethylene oxide.
Acetic acid solution
Manufactured by Avantor
Sourced in Poland
Acetic acid solution is a clear, colorless liquid that is commonly used in various laboratory applications. It serves as a basic chemical reagent with a core function of providing a source of acetic acid, which is a weak organic acid. The concentration of the acetic acid in the solution can vary depending on the specific product.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Chitosan, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Low eeo, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide solution, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Hydroxyapatite nanopowder, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium bicarbonate, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Agarose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Avantor (1 mentions)
3 protocols using acetic acid solution
1
Multifunctional Chitosan-Agarose-Nanohydroxyapatite Scaffolds
2
Highly Porous Biomaterial Scaffold Production
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Highly macroporous biomaterials acting as a platform for cell growth were produced in accordance with the procedure described in the Polish Patent no. 235822 and with the method described previously19 (link),21 (link). Briefly, 2% (w/v) chitosan (50–190 kDa MW, Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, Warsaw, Poland), 5% (w/v) agarose (gel point 36 ± 1.5 °C, Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, Warsaw, Poland), and 40% (w/v) hydroxyapatite nanopowder (particle size < 200 nm, Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, Warsaw, Poland) were suspended in acetic acid solution (Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland) and mixed. Subsequently, sodium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, Warsaw, Poland) was added. The obtained paste was transferred into cylinder-shaped forms and subjected to heating (95 °C), cooling, freezing, and then freeze-drying. Finally, the resultant biomaterials were immersed in sodium hydroxide solution (Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland), washed with deionized water, and air-dried. The microstructure of the fabricated scaffold was visualized by a stereoscopic microscope (Olympus SZ61TR, Olympus Polska Sp. z o. o., Warsaw, Poland (Fig. 1 ). Prior to cell culture experiments, the scaffolds were sterilized using ethylene oxide.![]()
Microstructure of the fabricated scaffold visualized by a stereoscopic microscope.
3
Chitosan/Curdlan/HA Composite Synthesis
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The chitosan/curdlan/HA composite was produced according to the procedure described previously by [23 (link),46 (link),47 (link)] with some modifications. Krill chitosan (1174 kDa molecular weight, 73% deacetylation degree) was obtained from National Marine Fisheries Research Institute (Gdynia, Poland), whereas curdlan (β-1,3-glucan) was purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals Industries (Osaka, Japan). Suspension of various NPs (with and without FexOy) was prepared in distilled water at the following concentrations: 0.50 wt.%, 0.25 wt.%, and 0.10 wt.%. Then, 16 wt.% curdlan suspension was prepared in the appropriate NPs suspension or in distilled water (control biomaterial) and mixed 1:1 with 4 wt.% chitosan solution prepared in 1% acetic acid solution (Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland). The final concentrations of the individual components in the blend were as follow: 8 wt.% curdlan, 2 wt.% chitosan, and 0.25 wt.%, 0.125 wt.% or 0.05 wt.% NPs. The 80 wt.% (w/v) hydroxyapatite granules (HA BIOCER, Chema Elektromet, Rzeszow, Poland) were added to the blend and the resultant paste was subjected to thermal gelation at 95 °C for 20 min., followed by neutralization in sodium hydroxide (Avantor Performance Materials, Gliwice, Poland).
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