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5 protocols using 2 methyltetrahydrofuran

1

Synthesis of Furan-Based Chemicals

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Furfural,
furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl
alcohols, 2-methylfuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, pentanediols, tetraethyl
orthosilicate, cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide, DDS, palladium nitrate,
and fumed silica were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Bangalore, India.
Sodium hydroxide, isopropyl alcohol, and sodium borohydride were purchased
from Thomas Baker, India. Hydrogen gas (>99.9% purity) was obtained
from Vadilal Chemicals Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India.
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2

Hydrogenation Catalyst Precursors Characterization

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Furfuryl alcohol, 1,2‐PeD, cyclopentanone, and cyclopentanol were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. TetrahydroFurfuryl alcohol (THFA), 1,4‐pentanediol (1,4‐PeD), and 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. 1,5‐PeD was purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries.
Charcoal‐supported Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru (5 wt % metal loading; designated Pd/C, Pt/C, Rh/C, and Ru/C, respectively) and alumina‐supported Ru (5 wt % metal loading; designated Ru/Al2O3) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries.
Ruthenium (III) nitrosyl nitrate (Ru(NO)(NO3)3) solution in dilute nitric acid was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich Co. Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) was obtained from Daiichi Kigenso Kagaku Kogyo Co. via the Catalysis Society of Japan (JRC‐ZRO‐7). Magnesium oxide (MgO) was obtained from Ube Industries via the Catalysis Society of Japan (JRC‐MGO‐3 1000 A). Cerium oxide (CeO2) was obtained from Kanto Chemical Co. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was obtained from Degussa (P‐25). Graphite powder was obtained from Timrex (HSAG300). H‐ZSM‐5 powder (SiO2/Al2O3=60) was purchased from JGC Catalysts and Chemicals.
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3

Thermochemical Liquefaction of Pinewood and Stipa

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Pinewood shaves purchased from Versele-Laga (Deinze, Belgium), and Stipa tenacissima grass (referred to as Stipa throughout this paper), kindly provided by a Tunisian company, were used as raw materials for the thermochemical liquefaction process. The solvents 2-ethyl hexanol (2EH; ≥90 wt.%), propylene glycol (PG; ≥90 wt.%), 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF; ≥99.5 wt.%) and deuterated chloroform (≥99.8 atom % D), as well as the catalyst p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA; ≥98 wt.%), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich Ltd., St. Louis, MO, USA). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF; >99.5 wt.%) was obtained from Carlo Herba (Carlo Erba Reagents S.A.S., Val De Reuil, France). Desmodur® Eco N7300, a bio-based aliphatic 1,5-pentamethylene polyisocyanate, was obtained from Covestro (Covestro AG, Leverkusen, Germany). It has an NCO content of about 21.9%, a viscosity at 23 °C of ca. 9500 mPa.s, less than 0.3% of monomeric PDI and an equivalent weight (EW) of ca. 195. The 0.5 M and 0.1 M KOH solutions used in the determination of the polyols’ acid and hydroxyl values were purchased from Honeywell (Charlotte, NC, USA), and the solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF; 99.8 wt.%) was purchased from Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The DC01 carbon steel plates used were kindly provided by Voestalpine AG (Linz, Austria).
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4

Sesame Seed Phytochemical Analysis

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The following solvents were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany): 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (≥99%), Cyclopentyl methyl ether (99.9%), p-Cymene (99%), d-Limonene (97%), ethanol (≥99.8%), Methanol, isopropanol, hexane, cyclo-hexane, acetonitrile, and methyl tert-butyl ether (suitable for HPLC, ≥99%). The reagents Potassium hydroxide (ACS reagent, ≥85%, pellets), Acetic acid (glacial, ACS reagent, ≥99.7%), Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (suitable for the determination of total protein by the Lowry method, 2 N), Gallic acid (97.5–102.5% for titration), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (97%) were also acquired from Sigma Aldrich (Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany).
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds were harvested in June 2022 from Korba region in the northeastern part of Tunisia (latitude 36°34′38.22″ (N); longitude 10°51′29.63″ (E); altitude 637 m).
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5

Synthesis and Characterization of Doped Nanoparticles

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Oleylamine (OAm; technical grade, 70%), oleic acid (OA; technical grade, 90%), elemental sulfur (S 8 ; ≥99.5%), sodium oleate (Na(oleate); ≥99%), tetrahydrofuran (THF, ≥99.9%), 2methyltetrahydrofuran (CH 3 THF, >99%), ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH, >96%) and 1-butanol (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 3 OH, >99%); were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 1-octadecene (ODE; technical grade, 90%) was purchased from Acros Organics. Gadolinium acetylacetonate hydrate (Gd(acac) 3 •xH 2 O; 99.9%) and cerium acetylacetonate hydrate (Ce(acac) 3 •xH 2 O; 99.9%) were purchased from Strem Chemicals. All products were used as received without further purification. 6 inch-diameter p-type (100) Si wafer with a resistivity of 1-10 ohm cm was purchased from Siltronix Silicon Technologies. Fluorine doped-tin oxide thin films on glass substrates were obtained from Solems with a typical coating thickness of 80 nm and a glass thickness of 1.1 mm.
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