This study included persons who completed the mobile examination visit (N=6797) with complete retinal imaging data (n=5351) and had diabetes mellitus (n=1038). Self-reported diabetes mellitus (n=798) was classified based on answering “yes” to the question, “Have you ever been told by a doctor or health professional that you have diabetes or sugar diabetes?” We included an additional 240 persons with diabetes based on either glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥6.5%,30 (link) anti-diabetic medication use from the medication inventory file, or responding “yes” to the questions, “Are you now taking insulin?” or “Are you now taking diabetic pills to lower your blood sugar?” Diagnoses of DR and DME were based on grading of fundus photographs by masked graders at the University of Wisconsin Ocular Epidemiologic Reading Center (Madison, Wisconsin), using a single non-mydriatic image of the optic nerve and macula in each eye from a Canon CR6-45NM ophthalmic digital imaging system and Canon EOS 10D digital camera. For individuals with DME in both eyes, the worse-seeing eye based on visual acuity was used in this analysis.
Eos 10d digital camera
Manufactured by Canon
Sourced in United States
The Canon EOS 10D is a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. It features a 6.3-megapixel CMOS sensor, a 7-point autofocus system, and a maximum ISO sensitivity of 3200. The camera can capture images in JPEG and RAW file formats and supports a range of interchangeable Canon EF lenses.
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Lab products found in correlation
5 protocols using eos 10d digital camera
1
Diabetes and Retinal Imaging Protocol
2
Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnostic Criteria
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The diagnostic criteria for DM encompass a doctor’s diagnosis, glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) levels exceeding 6.5%, fasting glucose levels of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, random/2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) blood glucose levels reaching 11.1 mmol/L or above, or the utilization of DM medication/insulin16 (link).
NHANES 2005–2008 utilized the Canon CR6-45NM ophthalmic digital imaging system and Canon EOS 10D digital camera (Canon, Tokyo, Japan) to capture two digital images per eye without pharmacological dilation of the pupils17 (link). The digital images underwent grading using a modified version of the Airlie House classification scheme for retinopathy at the University of Wisconsin Ocular Epidemiologic Reading Center (Madison, WI)18 (link). In cases where retinopathy severity could not be graded in one eye, an analogous grade was assigned based on the other eye. DR was identified in participants with DM when they exhibited one or more retinal microaneurysms or retinal blot hemorrhages, with or without the presence of more severe lesions, adhering to the grading standards set by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)19 .
NHANES 2005–2008 utilized the Canon CR6-45NM ophthalmic digital imaging system and Canon EOS 10D digital camera (Canon, Tokyo, Japan) to capture two digital images per eye without pharmacological dilation of the pupils17 (link). The digital images underwent grading using a modified version of the Airlie House classification scheme for retinopathy at the University of Wisconsin Ocular Epidemiologic Reading Center (Madison, WI)18 (link). In cases where retinopathy severity could not be graded in one eye, an analogous grade was assigned based on the other eye. DR was identified in participants with DM when they exhibited one or more retinal microaneurysms or retinal blot hemorrhages, with or without the presence of more severe lesions, adhering to the grading standards set by the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)19 .
3
Non-Mydriatic Retinal Imaging and Grading
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The Canon CR6-45NM Ophthalmic Digital Imaging System and Canon EOS 10D digital camera (Canon USA Inc., One Canon Park, Melville, New York) were used to capture non-mydriatic retinal photographs. Two digital images per eye (one for the macula and one for the optic nerve) were taken in an almost completely dark room. Based on a modification of the Airlie House classification system (33 (link), 34 (link)), graders in the University of Wisconsin Ocular Epidemiologic Reading Center, Madison assessed the fundus photographs. Details of image capture and grading of fundus photographs have been described in an earlier study (35 (link)). The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grading scale was used to evaluate the retinopathy severity (33 (link)). Participants were classified as having retinopathy (level 14-51) based on the eye with the worse retinopathy level.
4
Assessing Cataract Surgery and AMD
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Cataract surgery status was obtained from questionnaire. Prior to visual acuity examination, participants were asked the question ‘Have you ever had eye surgery to treat cataracts?’, and if so, they were further asked ‘Which eye(s) had cataract surgery?’, which included possible answers of right, left, both or do not know. Individuals who reported history of cataract surgery but did not know which eye(s) were excluded from the current analysis.
In 2005–2008 waves of NHANES survey, non-mydriatic fundus photographs were collected for participants older than 40 years using Canon CR6-45NM Ophthalmic Digital Imaging System and Canon EOS 10D digital camera (Canon USA, One Canon Park, Melville, New York, USA). Photographs were assessed by at least two graders at the University of Wisconsin, Madison according to the modification of the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading Classification Scheme. In brief, early AMD was defined as the presence of drusen and/or pigmentary abnormalities, and late AMD was based on the detection of exudative AMD signs or geographic atrophy.
In 2005–2008 waves of NHANES survey, non-mydriatic fundus photographs were collected for participants older than 40 years using Canon CR6-45NM Ophthalmic Digital Imaging System and Canon EOS 10D digital camera (Canon USA, One Canon Park, Melville, New York, USA). Photographs were assessed by at least two graders at the University of Wisconsin, Madison according to the modification of the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading Classification Scheme. In brief, early AMD was defined as the presence of drusen and/or pigmentary abnormalities, and late AMD was based on the detection of exudative AMD signs or geographic atrophy.
5
Grading of Retinal Images for AMD
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Retinal photographs were collected for participants aged 40 years and over in the 2005–2008 NHANES cycles. Canon CR6-45NM Ophthalmic Digital Imaging System and Canon EOS 10D digital camera (Canon USA, One Canon Park, Melville, New York, USA) were used to take retinal photographs. All retinal photographs were graded at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, according to the modified Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading Classification Scheme.24 (link) All retinal images were graded by at least two experienced graders. Any discrepancies in the results were determined by a third senior grader. Early AMD was defined as signs of drusen with a grid area of greater than a 500 μm circle and/or pigmentary abnormalities, while the presence of exudative or geographic atrophy signs was defined as late AMD. If retinal images were available for both eyes, we used the status of the eye with more severe AMD in our analyses.
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