TEWL was measured on the crown of the head of the animals using the Delfin VapoMeter with a 4.5-mm nail adapter attached (Delfin Technologies Ltd., Stamford, CT, USA).
Delfin vapometer
Manufactured by Delfin Technologies
Sourced in Sweden
The Delfin Vapometer is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the vapor pressure of various substances. It provides accurate and reliable measurements to support scientific research and quality control applications.
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Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using delfin vapometer
1
Transepidermal Water Loss Measurement
2
Preserved Human Skin Samples Protocol
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Full thickness human abdominal flank skin was obtained as surgical waste and approved by the Trieste Hospital Ethical Committee n • 236/ 2007. The donors were men and women with ages rangingfrom 45 to 71 years. Prior to storage in a freezer (-25 • C), subcutaneous fat was removed using a scalpel blade, and the hair was shaved from the epidermis. Skin samples were stored in a freezer at -25 • C for up to 4 months. Skin samples were prepared to a final thickness of 1.05 ± 0.02 mm (Micrometer Mitutoyo). On the day of the experiment, skin samples were thawed in a physiological solution at room temperature and the skin samples were cut into 4 cm 2 square sections. Skin integrity was checked by measuring the Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) (Delfin Vapometer, Delfin Technologies, Sweden), which was used in our previous work (Magnano et al., 2022) (link): the average TEWL values of the skin samples were found to be below 10 g⋅m -2 ⋅h -1 (Guth et al., 2015) (link).
3
Transepidermal Water Loss Measurement for Skin Barrier Evaluation
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TEWL measurements have been established as a routine method for evaluating the integrity of skin which has been subjected to either physical or chemical treatment [22 (link), 23 (link)]. TEWL was measured in this study to determine the level of disruption to skin barrier function following application of the MN arrays during the study period. The Delfin VapoMeter® (Delfin Technologies Ltd., Kuopio, Finland) is equipped with a closed cylindrical chamber that contains sensors for relative humidity and temperature. The VapoMeter® was used to measure TEWL at the application site (previously marked) pre- and post-application of MAPs every day during the study. Before TEWL measurement, each volunteer was rested for around 5 min to acclimatise to the ambient room temperature. TEWL measurements were taken by carefully resting the Vapometer® probe head perpendicular to the skin. After 20 s, TEWL readings were recorded as the values presented on the digital display unit of the VapoMeter®. TEWL readings were taken before the application, immediately after removal and 18 h after removal of MAPs to determine whether the skin barrier function had returned to normal. On the last day of the study, a control patch composed of Tegaderm™ adhesive dressing without microneedle arrays attached was applied on the opposite arm of the volunteer to evaluate its effect on the TEWL values.
4
Obtaining and Preserving Human Skin Samples
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Human abdominal flank full thickness skin was obtained as surgical waste approved by the Trieste Hospital Ethical Committee n • 236/2007. Donors were men and women with a range of age from 45 to 71 years. Prior to storage in a freezer (-25 • C), subcutaneous fat was removed with a scalpel blade and the hair was shaved from the epidermis. Skin samples were stored in a freezer at -25 • C for a period of up to 4 months. On the day of the experiment, skin samples were thawed in physiological solution at room temperature and the skin samples were cut into square sections of 4 cm 2 . Skin samples were prepared to the final thickness of 1.05 ± 0.02 mm (Micrometer Mitutoyo). A damaged skin sample was obtained according to the method described above (section 2.4.1.). Skin integrity was checked by measuring the Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) (Delfin Vapometer, Delfin Technologies, Sweeden) and was found to be below 10 g m -2 ⋅h -1 (Guth et al., 2015) (link).
5
Piglet Ear Skin Penetration Test
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Piglet ears were collected immediately after animals were killed. They were stored at -25 • C on parafilm until use for a maximum period of 4 months. Porcine skin was used as a model of human skin in the penetration test because of its similarity in terms of morphology and permeability to human skin (Schmook et al., 2001) (link); (Barbero and Frederick Frasc, 2009) ; (Wester et al. 1998) (link); (Simon and Maibach, 2000) (link). On the day of the experiment, the piglet ears were thawed in a physiological solution at room temperature, and the skin samples were cut into 4 cm 2 square pieces. The thickness was measured using a micrometer (Mitutoyo). The thickness of pig ear skin membranes was < 0.97 ± 0.03 mm.
To evaluate skin integrity, Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) was measured on each skin piece after one hour of equilibration using a vapometer (Delfin Vapometer, Delfin Technologies, Sweden). The cutoff for acceptable TEWL was within the range of 10 g⋅m -2 ⋅h -1 (Guth et al. 2015) (link). Samples having TEWL values above 10 g⋅m -2 ⋅h -1 after 1 min were discarded.
To evaluate skin integrity, Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) was measured on each skin piece after one hour of equilibration using a vapometer (Delfin Vapometer, Delfin Technologies, Sweden). The cutoff for acceptable TEWL was within the range of 10 g⋅m -2 ⋅h -1 (Guth et al. 2015) (link). Samples having TEWL values above 10 g⋅m -2 ⋅h -1 after 1 min were discarded.
6
Porcine Skin for Permeability Testing
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Piglet-ears were collected immediately after animals were killed. They were stored at -25 • C on parafilm until use for a maximum period of 4 months. Porcine skin was used as a model of human skin in the penetration test due to its similarity in terms of morphology and permeability to human skin (Schmook, Meingassner, et Billich, 2001) (link); (Barbero et Frasch, 2009) (link); (Wester et al., 1998) (link). On the day of the experiment, the piglet-ears were thawed in physiological solution at room temperature and the skin samples were cut into 4 cm 2 square pieces. The thickness was measured with a micrometer (Mitutoyo). The thicknesses of piglet-ear skin membranes were 0.90 ± 0.2 mm. For the damaged skin we used an abraded skin protocol as suggested by Bronaugh and Steward ( Bronaugh et al., 1985) (link): skin was abraded by drawing the point of a 19-gauge hypodermic needle across the surface (6 marks in one direction and 6 perpendicular). To evaluate skin integrity, Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) was measured on each skin piece using a Vapometer (Delfin Vapometer, Delfin Technologies, Sweeden). The cut-off for acceptable TEWL was within the range of 10 g m -2 ⋅h -1 (Guth et al., 2015) (link). Samples having TEWL values above 10 g m -2 ⋅h -1 after 1 min were discarded.
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