Ds ri2 camera

The examination of the samples was done at the Research Institute for Precious Metals and Metal Chemistry (FEM), Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany, using a GE Phoenix nanotom m® X-ray CT system with 180 kV microfocus tube and 3072 × 2400-pixel dxr-500L1 flat panel detector. The measurements were performed with a voltage of 140 kV and a current of 28 µA. The integration time was 1500 ms and 1000 projections were recorded. The resolution of the data is 5 µm voxel edge length. The analysis and visualisation of the CT data was performed with the software VGStudio MAX 3.4®.
The results obtained from the µCT on the modern samples were verified by comparing them with the results of the microscopic wood species determination which was performed on the same samples. A sledge microtome (WSL Lab-Microtome) was used to prepare the anatomical thin sections^{33 (link)}. Depending on the species or cutting direction, the thickness of the thin sections varied between 10 and 25 µm. These thin sections were stained in a solution of safranin and astra blue (1:1)³⁴ . The microscopic structure was observed using a Nikon Eclipse LV 100 ND transmitted light microscope at magnifications between 50x and 500x with polarised light. Images from the Nikon microscope were captured using a Nikon DS-Ri2 camera and Nikon’s NIS-Elements 4.50 software at a resolution of 4908 × 3264 pixels.

The detailed image acquisition and analysis procedures for acquiring images in 96‐well plates have been described previously (Hirokawa et al, 2014; Tan et al, 2015). In this experiment, 384‐well plates (Corning #3985) were used. The microscopy was conducted using a Nikon Eclipse Ti‐U microscope with a 4× objective lens and motorized stage (Prior Scientific, H117). Bright‐field image stacks of each well were captured on a Nikon DS‐Ri2 camera (Nikon Inc, MQA17000) using the NIS‐Elements software (Nikon, Basic Research version 4.40). The depth images of each FOV (well) were then stacked using the EDF algorithm in Fiji. The processed images were analyzed semi‐automatically using a customized Fiji‐script where objects identified were bordered a region of interest (ROI) and these ROIs were tabulated and analyzed. The resulting ROIs were manually curated, and the objects sizes and mean intensities acquired.

Detailed image acquisition and analysis procedures for acquiring images in 96-well plates were previously described [73 (link)]. Bright field microscopy was conducted using a retrofitted Nikon Eclipse Ti-U microscope using a ×4 objective lens and a motorized stage (Prior Scientific, H117). Bright field image stacks for each individual well were captured using a Nikon DS-Ri2 camera (Nikon Instruments Inc., MQA17000) driven by the NIS-Elements software (Nikon). The depth images of each FOV (well) were then stacked using the EDF algorithm in FIJI. Images were taken on most days for 9 days. The processed images were curated manually with the objects identified labelled either as S (spheroids) or O (organoids). The parameters were measured by drawing a line around the object. The average counts per well and the proportion of organoids were calculated.

To determine the acute and chronic effect of the OP-SBs accumulation on tissue health, balb/c nude mice were intravenously injected with OP-SBs of dose 0 (control), 25 and 50 mg/kg. Liver, spleen, heart, lung and kidney tissue were harvested at 1 week and 1 month post injection. The tissues were fixed in neutral-buffered formaldehyde (10%) for 24 h. The fixed tissue was then dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol and immersed in NeoClear Xylene substitute, followed by immersion in paraffin. The tissues were then sectioned into 5 μm tissue sections using a microtome (Leica, Germany) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Bright-field images were obtained using a Nikon Eclipse 80i upright microscope (Nikon, Japan) with a 20x objective and equipped with a DS-Ri2 camera (Nikon, Japan).

Zircons were separated from disaggregated samples at the British Geological Survey, Keyworth, using the sequentially described circuit: Sieve to < 500 μm using a Fritsch automatic sieve; Pass the < 500 μm fraction over a Gemini water table, twice; Separate non-magnetic minerals using a Frantz isodynamic separator—subsequent paramagnetic charges of 0.1 A, 0.3 A, 0.7 A, 1.1 A and 1.7 A were used to reduce the bulk material in stages; Perform gravity separation utilising methylene iodide (ca. 3.32 SG) as a density medium. The final zircon (amongst other phases) separate was thermally annealed at 900 °C for 12 h. Annealed zircon grains were then picked by hand and prepared as polished blocks. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of these were generated by SEM-CL, using an FEI Quanta 650F FEG-SEM equipped with a Gatan monochrome CL detector at the University of Exeter’s Environment and Sustainability institute operating at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV, as well as using a CITL Mk5 electron source, operating at approximately 250 μA and 10 kV. For the latter, images were captured using a Nikon DS-Ri2 camera, attached to a petrographic microscope, and operated using NiS-elements software. Images were captured in a darkened room, with an exposure time of 2 s.

Blood samples were obtained after written informed consent from two healthy volunteers recruited via NTU health clinic (Singapore). Experimental protocols were approved by the ethical boards and were conducted in accordance with NTU guidelines. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from each fresh 15 ml blood sample by density gradient centrifugation over Histopaque-1077 at 400 × g for 20 min. Finally, the human primary monocytes were isolated from PBMCs using monocyte isolation kits according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Isolated monocytes were suspended in PBS and labelled with 10 µM CFSE for 10 min at 37 °C prior to use in the adhesion assays (~3 × 10⁴ cells per well). Images of adherent cells were captured in the green fluorescence channel of a Nikon ECLIPSE Ti-S inverted microscope coupled with a Nikon DS-Ri2 camera. Quantification was performed by cell counting in 4 experimental replicates and nonparametric one-way ANOVA was used for a comparison between groups.