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34 protocols using rabbit anti bdnf

1

Western Blot Analysis of Rat Brain Proteins

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Rat brain tissue or cell samples were lysed in RIPA buffer containing phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and a protease inhibitor cocktail as previously described. Lysates were centrifuged and collected. Equal amounts of total protein ranging from 15 to 30 μg total protein were separated by SDS-PAGE, and blotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore). The following antibodies were used: rabbit anti-cfos (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-CX3CR1 (1:3000, Abcam), goat anti-FKN (1:200, Abcam), rabbit anti-BDNF (1:3000, Abcam), rabbit anti-GAPDH (1:3000, Servicebio), and goat anti-iba1 (1:500, Woko). Blots were developed with an HRP-labelled goat anti-rabbit antibody (1:5000, Servicebio) and an HRP-labelled donkey anti-goat secondary antibody (1:5000, Servicebio). Protein bands were visualized using a chemiluminescence system (ChemiDocTM XRS + , BioRad). Protein expression was semiquantitatively analysed with Image J software.
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2

Spinal Cord Protein Expression Analysis

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Animals were sacrificed after deeply anesthetized with isoflurane, total proteins from the lumbar enlargements of spinal cords were extracted by ice-cold Radio Immunoprecipitation Assay (RIPA) lysis. Proteins were separated on SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Merck Millipore, United States). After blocking with 5% nonfat milk, the samples were incubated with rabbit anti-β-actin (1:3000, Abcam, United States), rabbit anti-GAPDH (1:3000, Merck Millipore, United States), mouse anti-VGluT2 (1:2000, Abcam, United States), goat anti-Iba-1 (1:2000, Wako, Japan), rabbit anti-GFAP (1:2000, Abcam, United States), rabbit anti-BDNF(1:2000, Abcam, United States), or rabbit anti-TrkB (1:2000, Abcam, United States) at 4 °C overnight. The next day, the corresponding rabbit, goat, or mouse Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary IgG (1:20000, Jackson ImmunoResearch, United States) was incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The gray value of the protein on the membrane of the corresponding molecular size was detected using western blotting detection kit (WesternBright Sirius, Advansta, United States) and ChemiDoc XRS imaging system (Bio-Rad). Image Lab 3.0 system (Bio-Rad) was utilized to perform standardized analysis on the test results.
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3

Western Blot Analysis of BDNF and TrkB

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Total proteins were extracted from cortical tissues. BCA reagent (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) was used to measure the concentration of extracted proteins. A total of 10 μg protein sample was loaded for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (10% gel for TrkB, 12% gel for BDNF), and were transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Pall Life Science, Port Washington, NY, USA) in a 200 V electrical field for 30 min. The membrane was first blocked for 1 h using 5% defatted milk powder, and then was incubated with rabbit anti-BDNF (1:2000, Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), goat anti-TrkB (1:1000, R&D System, Minneapolis, MN, USA) or rabbit anti-tubulin (1:2000, Abcam) primary antibody at 4°C overnight. Excess antibody was then washed by PBST, followed by incubation in horseradish peroxidase (horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:8000, ServiceBio, Wuhan, China) or mouse anti-goat IgG (1:10 000, ServiceBio) for 1 h at room temperature. The membrane was developed in ECL chromogenic substrates, and was imaged by an automatic protein imaging system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Image J (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA) software was used to measure optical density values of each band, which was normalized to that of tubulin. Each experiment was performed in triplicates.
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4

Quantitative Analysis of Hippocampal Signaling Pathways

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Western blotting was performed as described previously [39 (link)–41 (link)]. The hippocampus was collected from deeply anesthetized rats (n = 8 per group, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tissues were homogenized on ice in RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (Sigma–Aldrich). After centrifugation, the supernatants were collected and denatured with SDS–PAGE loading buffer for 5 min at 95°C. Equal amounts of protein were separated by SDS–PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (GE Healthcare Life Science). After blocking with 5% nonfat milk for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C (rabbit anti-pCREB, 1 : 1000, rabbit anti-CREB, 1 : 1000, Cell Signaling Technology; rabbit anti-BDNF, 1 : 600, Abcam). Then, the membranes were washed with TBST and incubated with secondary antibodies (1 : 1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, bands were detected with an enhanced chemiluminescence reagent eECL Kit (CWBio, China) and quantified using ImageJ software (NIH, USA). GAPDH (rabbit antibody, 1 : 5000, Abcam) was used as the loading control.
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5

Assessing Nrf2 and BDNF Levels via Western Blot

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Nrf2 and BDNF levels were assessed by Western blotting as described in the previous study [16 (link)]. Briefly, animals (n = 5 per group) were sacrificed 24 h after ischemia/reperfusion under deep anesthesia with a mixture of 75 mg/kg alfaxalone and 10 mg/kg xylazine on the 56th day of diet feeding. The left hippocampus was homogenized briefly, and the nuclear and cytosolic fractions were separated using extraction kits following the manufacturer’s instructions (Abcam). Homogenized proteins were loaded onto sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thereafter, the gel was transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Pall Crop, East Hills, NY, USA), and the membrane was incubated with rabbit anti-Nrf2 (1:1000, Abcam) and rabbit anti-BDNF (1:5000, Abcam). Protein bands were visualized using a chemiluminescence solution (GE Healthcare, Buckinghamshire, UK) and were normalized versus laminin A + C and β-actin levels, respectively, as demonstrated in the previous study [20 (link)].
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6

Immunofluorescent Analysis of Rat Brain Markers

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As previously described [40 (link), 41 (link)], rats (n = 8 per group) were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, i.p.) and perfused with PBS followed by fresh 2% glutaraldehyde and 4% paraformaldehyde through the ascending aorta. The brain was collected and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 4 h and then dehydrated in 30% sucrose overnight at 4°C. The brain tissues were embedded in the optimal cutting temperature compound and finally cut to a thickness of 15 μm in a -20°C cryostat for immunofluorescent staining. After blocking in 10% normal goat serum and 0.2% Triton X-100 in PBS for 1 h at room temperature, the tissue sections were incubated overnight at 4°C in 10% normal goat serum in PBS containing primary antibodies such as rabbit anti-pCREB, 1 : 150, Cell Signaling Technology; rabbit anti-BDNF, 1 : 100, Abcam; mouse anti-Neun, 1 : 300, Abcam; mouse anti-GFAP, 1 : 500, Abcam; and mouse anti-Iba1, 1 : 500, Abcam. Afterwards, these slices were incubated with Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibodies (1 : 600, Jackson ImmunoResearch) for 1 h. Then, they were washed in PBS and cover-slipped with VECTASHIELD Mounting Medium with DAPI (Cat: H-1200, Vector Lab). Images were captured by a microscopic imaging system (Olympus BX61 and FluoView).
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7

Hippocampus BDNF and NGF Protein Analysis

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Hippocampus tissues (n = 3 per group) were collected and lyzed by RIPA protein extraction buffer containing 1 × protease inhibitor. The total protein concentration was examined by BCA protein assay kit (Pierce, USA). Protein was separated by 10% SDS‐polyacrylamide gels and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore, USA). Then the membranes were incubated within 5% nonfat milk for 1 h at RT, and then rabbit anti‐BDNF (1:1000, Abcam, UK) or rabbit anti‐NGF (1:1000, GeneTex, USA) antibody overnight at 4°C. Rabbit anti‐β‐Tubulin (1:5000, Abcam, UK) was applied as internal standard. The goat antirabbit IgG (Immunoglobulin G) conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (1:10,000; ab205719; Abcam; UK) was added to the membranes for 1 h at RT. At last, the blots were visualized and analyzed by Image J software (Bethesda, USA).
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8

Immunofluorescence Analysis of BDNF and GFAP

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Immunofluorescence was then studied. The TG iced-slices were washed in PBS and incubated in a blocking solution containing 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS with 0.3% Triton X-100 (Solarbio Company, Beijing, China) for 30 minutes at room temperature. In 4 °C refrigerator primary antibodies (mouse anti-GFAP, Abcam Company, 1:200; rabbit anti-BDNF, Abcam, 1:500) were incubated overnight. The samples were washed using PBS and the secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit TRITC, Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc., West Grove, PA, USA, 1:200; goat anti-mouse FITC, Beijing Zhongshan Biotech Co., 1:200) was added for 45 minutes at 37 °C. Controls omitted the primary antibody. A fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Japan) and Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software were used to detect the immunofluorescence intensity of BDNF or GFAP expression. The co-expression steps of TrkB and GFAP were the same as mentioned above, except for the different dilution ratio (TrkB 1:1000, GFAP 1:200)27 (link).
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9

Western Blotting Analysis of Neuroinflammatory Markers

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As previously described by us,
40 (link) proteins were extracted from the MCA‐supplied brain regions and loaded onto SDS‐polyacrylamide gel for electrophoresis. Gel transfer to a PVDF membrane was performed under 200 V for 1 h. Membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk. Membranes were incubated with primary antibodies (1:1000, rabbit anti‐NLRP3, Merck; 1:500, rabbit anti‐ASC, Abcam; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐IL‐1β, Abcam; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐IL‐18, Proteintech; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐caspase‐1, Abcam; 1:500, rabbit anti‐GSDMD, Affinity; 1:2000, rabbit anti‐G3BP1, Proteintech; 1:500, rabbit anti‐TIA1, Proteintech; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐DDX3X, Proteintech; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐IgG antibody, Cell Signaling Technology; 1:10,000, rabbit anti‐SYN, Abcam; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐PSD‐95, Cell Signaling Technology; 1:1000, rabbit anti‐BDNF, Abcam; 1:500, rabbit anti‐Ang‐1, Proteintech; 1:500, rabbit anti‐Ang‐2, Proteintech; 1:500, rabbit anti‐VEGF, Abcam; 1:1000, mouse β‐actin, Santa Cruz) for 24 h at 4°C. Next, membranes were incubated with a secondary antibody (1:4000, goat anti‐rabbit IgG, goat anti‐mouse IgG, Cell Signaling Technology) for 2 h at room temperature. Western blot images for each of the antibodies were analyzed using an image analysis program (ImageJ 1.42, National Institutes of Health) to quantify protein expression in terms of relative image density.
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10

Western Blot Analysis of BDNF-TrkB Pathway

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The rats in each group (n = 3) were sacrificed at seven and 14 days after MCAO. Tissues in the ipsilateral hemisphere (excluding the infarct area) were selected for Western blotting. Under deep anesthesia, the brain tissue was rapidly removed and dissected, and protein was homogenized in a cell lysis buffer (Fermentas, Burlington, ON, Canada) containing a complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Thermo, Rockford, AL, USA). Next, 12% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gels were used to separate equal amounts of protein from each sample which were electrophoretically transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (Millipore), The membranes were incubated with rabbit anti-BDNF (1:2000; Abcam, 15 kDa), rabbit anti-TrkB (92 kDa), phosphorylated-TrkB (91 kDa), AKT(56 kDa), phosphorylated-AKT (56 kDa, phospho S473), CREB (37 kDa), phosphorylated-CREB (37 kDa, phospho S133) (1:1000; Abcam), and mouse anti-α-tubulin (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technologies, 50 kDa) overnight at 4 °C after blocking with 5% skimmed milk in Tris-buffered saline with 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h at 25 °C. The membranes were then washed in TBST and incubated for 1 h at room temperature with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:10,000; Abcam). Immunoreactivity was visualized by using the enhanced chemiluminescence method.
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