S120vc

The experimental system using the knife-edge method to measure the radius of laser beam is shown in Figure 10. The laser used in the present research was purchased from Changchun New Industries Optoeletronics Technology Co., Ltd, and it is a diode laser at wavelength 1064 ± 1 nm (MIL-N-1064, Changchun China). The detector was purchased from Thorlabs Inc. (Shanghai, China) It has a handheld digital power meter (PM100D, Shanghai, China). and an energy meter (S120VC, Shanghai, China). The detectable wavelength range is 20–1100 nm. The measurement uncertainties are: ± 3% (440–980 nm); ± 5% (280–439 nm); ± 7% (200–279 nm, 981–1100 nm).
The measurement system of tissue thermal response is shown in Figure 11. The basic principle is to use a diode laser (1064 nm) to heat the porcine muscle. The time-dependent temperature response is measured by three thermocouples located around the laser spot.

The external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) for the photocatalytic H₂ evolution were measured using monochromatic LED lamps (λ = 420, 490, 515 and 595 nm, respectively). For the experiments, the photocatalyst (2.5 mg) with Pt loading was suspended in an aqueous solution containing ascorbic acid (0.1 mol l⁻¹). The light intensity was measured with a ThorLabs S120VC photodiode power sensor controlled by a ThorLabs PM100D Power and Energy Meter Console. The EQEs were estimated using the equation: $$\mathrm{E}\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{E}\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)=\frac{2\times {\mathrm{N}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}}{\mathrm{N}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{s}}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$$

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained using a Carl Zeiss Gemini SEM 500 at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV. Atomic force microscope (AFM) images were obtained using INNOVA with a scan line rate of 256. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples were prepared using a Gatan691 ion gun. The TEM images were obtained using a JEOL JEM-2100 operated at 300 kV in bright-field TEM mode and high-resolution TEM mode. Raman spectroscopy was measured using a confocal Raman microscope (Horiba JOBIN YVON, hr800) with an excitation wavelength of 532 nm at an output power of 100 mW. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Thermo Fisher ESCALAB Xi + )) was used to determine the functional groups and required binding energies of the thin films. The electronic measurements were conducted using a semiconductor analyzer (Keysight B1500A). For optoelectrical testing, the light was illuminated from the top side of the device. Visible and NIR light were provided by a Xe lamp with a color filter (~300–1500 nm). The power of light sources was measured by commercial Si (Thorlabs S120VC) photodetectors.

We roughly evaluate the power density of the UVC afterglow using a Thorlabs PM200 power meter equipped a power sensor (S120VC, Thorlabs). The detailed measurement method is shown in Supplementary Fig. 20. After considering all possible factors that impact the measurement, the initial afterglow power density at the sample position was roughly estimated to be ca. 14.9 mW/m².

Light was applied to iris preparations from a Xenon source (Zeiss 75W) filtered through 360 nm longpass and 550 nm shortpass filters (ET360lp, #NC548428 Chroma and Techspec SP, #84-708 Edmund Optics). The resulting broadband 360 to 550 nm violet-blue-cyan light was focused through a 30 mm condenser lens and applied via a 1.5 mm core optical fiber cable (Condenser ACL3026-A, and cable 1500UMT 0.39 NA; Thorlabs). Light power was measured using a photodiode sensor (200–1100 nm, 50 mW, 9.5 mm diameter) and optical power meter (Thorlabs S120VC and PM100D) and had a median irradiance value of 25 mW cm^–2 for the 360 to 550 nm filtered light, similar to that used previously to evoke the PMTR in chick iris (35 mW cm^–2, for 350 to 590 nm light) (Tu, 2004 (link)). For controls, 525 nm orange light (25–35 mW cm^–2) was applied using a longpass filter (#84-744 Edmund Optics). Preparations were viewed at 12X with a Wild dissecting microscope and digital images acquired (usually at 1Hz for 25–60 s) using a cooled CCD camera (Retiga 1434, Q-Imaging) controlled by IP Lab 4.0 (Scanalytics Software; Reading PA). PMTRs were quantified offline from iris sphincter open areas measured at each time point using macros written for Image J (v 1.45s). Iris responses to pharmacological stimulation were obtained in red light, but acquired and analyzed in a similar fashion.