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30 protocols using gc 2010 system

1

Quantification of Short-Chain Fatty Acids

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SCFAs: acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid, were evaluated by the reported method [29 ]. The organic phase was taken out and analyzed using a GC (Shimadzu GC-2010 system, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a capillary column of DB-WAX (30.0 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 μm Agilent Co., Ltd, USA). Inlet temperature is 250°C, split ratio is 10 : 1, sample volume is 1 μL, carrier gas flow is 1.2 mL/min, programmed temperature to 120°C, at the rate of 5 degrees Celsius per minute to 180°C, hold for 1 min, detector (FID) 260°C, hydrogen flow: 40 mL/min, air flow: 400 mL/min, tail blowing flow 30 mL/min. The content of SCFAs was calculated based on the external standard method.
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2

Fecal Fatty Acid Analysis by GC-FID

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Feces samples of 0.1 g were suspended in 0.4 mL water and 0.1 mL 50% sulphuric acid, homogenized for 5 min and centrifuged at 13,000× g for 10 min. The supernatant was extracted with ethyl ether of equal volume and the suspension was obtained for gas chromatography on Shimadzu GC-2010 system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). Separation was achieved using a HP-INNOWax column (30 m × 0.250 mm × 0.25 μm, Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). Split ratio was 10:1, the pressure of carrier gas, helium, was maintained at 100 kPa. Injection volume was 1 μL. Helium (30 mL/min), hydrogen (40 mL/min) and dry air (400 mL/min) were used as auxiliary gases for the flame ionization detector. The injector and detector temperatures were 250 °C and 280 °C, respectively. The oven temperature was held at 60 °C at first, then increased to 100 °C at a rate of 20 °C /min, and maintained for 3 min, finally to 210 °C at a rate of 30 °C /min and maintained for 5 min.
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3

Quantifying Extracellular Matrix Composition in Biofilms

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Biofilms were grown in 6-well polystyrene plates as described above, and extracellular matrix was collected from mature 48-h biofilms as previously described (10 (link), 11 (link)). Briefly, biofilms were removed with a spatula and harvested in sterile water. Biofilms were then sonicated for 20 min, and matrix was separated from the biomass by centrifugation of the samples at 2,880 × g for 20 min at 4°C. To determine the concentration of mannan and glucan within the matrix, sugars were quantified by gas-liquid chromatography–flame ionization detector (GLC-FID) on a Shimadzu GC-2010 system after conversion to alditol acetate derivatives as previously described (12 (link)). Data for these monosugars were calculated and are presented as micrograms of matrix per milligram of biofilm biomass.
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4

Carbohydrate Analysis of Biofilm ECMs

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Carbohydrates in biofilm ECMs were analyzed based on the modified procedures reported elsewhere (Zarnowski et al. 2014 (link)). Monosugars were converted to alditol acetate derivatives (Blakeney et al. 1982 (link)) and then identified and quantified by gas chromatography on a GC-2010 system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). A Crossbond® 50% cyanopropylmethyl/50% phenylmethyl polysiloxane column was used (15 m × 0.25 mm with 0.25 μm film thickness, RTX-225, Restek, Bellefonte, USA). The GLC (Gas Liquid Chromatography) conditions were as follows: injector at 220°C, FID detector at 240°C, and a temperature program of 215°C for 2 min, then 4°C min−1 up to 230°C before holding for 11.25 min, run at constant linear velocity of 33.4 cm/sec and split ratio of 50:1.
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5

GC-MS Analysis for Compound Identification

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Compound identification was carried out on a GCMS-QP2010 system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a split–splitless injector. Data files were collected and elaborated by using Shimadzu “GCMS solution” software (version 4.45) (Kyoto, Japan).
Compound quantification was performed on a GC2010 system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a split–splitless injector. Data files were collected and elaborated by using Shimadzu LabSolutions software (version 5.92) (Kyoto, Japan).
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6

Chiral Analysis of (R)- and (S)-mCSO

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The activity of PvEH1 or its mutant as well as the conversion ratio (c) of rac-mCSO defined as the ratio of its depleted concentration to initial one was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using an e2695 apparatus with an XBridge BEH C18 column (Waters, Milford, MA). The mobile phase of methanol/H2O (7:3, v/v) was used at 0.8 mL/min, and continuously monitored using a Waters 2489 UV–Vis detector at 220 nm. The generated diols (R)- and (S)-mCPED were analyzed by HPLC with a Chiralcel OD-H column (Daicel, Osaka, Japan). The n-hexane/isopropanol (9:1, v/v) was used as a mobile phase. Because (R)- and (S)-mCSO can not be separated by OD-H, they were assayed by chiral gas chromatography (GC), using a GC-2010 system (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) with a CP-Chirasil-DEX CB column (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) and a flame ionization detector. The injector and detector temperatures were 220 °C, while the column temperature was programmed from 110 to 190 °C at 10 °C/min. The nitrogen gas carrier was used at 3.0 mL/min.
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7

Comprehensive Lipid Profiling from Frozen Liver

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Total lipids from frozen liver tissue samples (100 mg) were extracted overnight using chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) with Folch method. The separated organic layers were collected, and the solvent was evaporated at room temperature under a nitrogen stream. A portion of the extract was used to determine fatty acid profiles by gas chromatography (GC). In brief, the dry residue was redissolved in 1 mL of 0.5 mol/L KOH-methanol in a sealed vial in a 60°C bath under a nitrogen stream for 10 min. Next, 1.5 mL of 13% methanolic BF3 was added, and the mixture was incubated at 60°C for 30 min. Fatty acid methyl esters were extracted with hexane and the fatty acid composition was analyzed on a Shimadzu GC2010 system using a capillary GC column. Another portion of the lipid extract was redissolved in hexane/2-propaonol (3:2 vol/vol) to measure TC, FC, PL and TG using enzymatic Wako assay kits.
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8

Carbohydrate Profiling of rBGL2ur

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Isolated rBGL2ur was subjected to carbohydrate profiling using gas chromatography (GC) analysis to determinate whether rBGL2ur possesses the TP antigen determinant sugar moiety, 3-O-methyl-mannose. Monosaccharides were detected and quantified by gas liquid chromatography-flame ionization detector (GLC-FID) on a Shimadzu GC-2010 system after conversion to alditol acetate derivatives, as previously described [20 (link)]. A Crossbond 50% cyanopropylmethyl/50% phenylmethyl polysiloxane column was used (15 m × 0.25 mm with 0.25 μm film thickness, RTX-225, Restek, Bellefonte, PA, USA). The GLC conditions were as follows: injector at 220°C, detector at 240°C, and a temperature program of 215°C for 2 min, then 4°C/min up to 230°C before holding for 11.25 min, run at constant linear velocity of 33.4 cm/sec and split ratio of 50:1. Pure 3-O-methyl-mannose (Omicron Biochemicals, South Bend, IN, USA) was used as a reference.
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9

Achiral GC-FID and GC-MS Analysis of Derivatised Hydroxylated Fatty Acids

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Achiral GC-FID analysis of the derivatised hydroxylated fatty acids was performed with a Shimadzu type GC-2014 equipped with a CP-Sil5 CB column (50 m × 0.53 mm × 1.0 μm) using N2 as carrier gas. The following conditions were used for the achiral separation using direct injection: injector 340 °C, detector (FID) 360 °C, column flow rate 20.0 ml/min, temperature program: start at 130 °C, hold time 4 min, rate 15 °C/min to 330 °C hold time 5 min.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of derivatised hydroxylated fatty acids was performed with the Shimadzu GC-2010 system which is connected to the GCMS-QP2010s mass detector from Shimadzu. The column CP-Sil5 CB (25 m × 0.25 mm × 0.4 μm) was used. Injections were performed with the autoinjector AOC-20i from Shimadzu. The injector temperature was kept at 250 °C. The injector was used in split-mode with a split ratio of 30:1 at a pressure of 51.2 kPa. The temperature program for fatty acids 1 and 3-15: start at 130 °C, hold time 4 min, rate 15 °C/min to 330 °C hold time 5 min; temperature program for fatty acid 2: start at 130 °C, hold time 4 min, rate 5 °C/min to 325 °C hold time 7 min. Structure determination was based on the comparison of monomer peaks using external standards.
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10

GC-MS Analysis of Individual Substances

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A GC with MS detection was used to determine the specific migration of individual substances. Gas chromatographic separation was performed using a Shimadzu GC2010 system equipped with a Rxi-5Sil MS capillary column (30 m × 250 µm × 0.25 µm). Helium was used as carrier gas in linear velocity flow control mode with a constant flow of 40 cm s−1. Aliquots of 1 µL were injected using a high-pressure splitless injection with 250 kPa for 0.8 min and a column flow of 4.74 mL min−1; a gas saver was switched on in a ratio of 1:5 after 2 min. The septum purge flow was 3 mL min−1, the injection temperature 270 °C and sampling time 1 min. The initial oven temperature was 70 °C (1 min) and was raised at 6 °C min−1 to 340 °C (5 min). Detection was done with GCMS-QP2010 PLUS mass selective detector. Ions were generated with electron ionization (70 eV), the detector voltage was relative to tune, mass spectrometer scanned from m/z 35 to 500 with a scan rate of 1666 amu s−1 and an event time of 0.3 s. The software used was “GC-MS Solution” version 4.42.
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