Ft 8400s model

FT-IR analysis was performed by (Shimadzu FT-8400s model, Japan), by using KBr pellet preparation method. 0.1–1.0% of each sample was mixed with 200–250 mg KBr and the prepared pellets were subjected to FT-IR frequency range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ at 25 °C.

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu FT-8400 s model, Japan spectrometer in the region 400–4000 cm⁻¹ using KBr pellets. The morphology characteristic, size distribution, and percentage elemental analysis of samples were conducted via field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM); (ZEISS-Sigma VP model, Germany) operating at a 15 kV. Before the examination, samples were mounted onto a metal stub using double-sided carbon adhesive tape and covered with a thin layer of gold, with the aid of a direct current sputter technique (Agar Sputter Coater model, Agar Scientific, England). Furthermore, the sample's elemental composition was characterized by an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) device (SAMx model, France). Besides, the distribution pattern of structural elements was determined by elemental mapping images. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was analyzed using the Brucker X-ray diffractometer device (D8 Advanced Model, Germany), which was equipped with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 nm, 40 kV, 40 mA). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted using Bahr-STA 504 instrument (Germany) under the argon atmosphere. The adsorption of the samples was measured using a microplate reader (STAT FAX 2100, BioTek, Winooski, USA) in the process of investigating the biological properties^{53 (link)}.

Due to the significance of functional groups characterization in each synthesis level, the Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer (Shimadzu FT-8400 s model, Japan) was applied based on pellets containing 0.1–1.0% of the samples, which were further mixed with 200–250 mg of KBr powder. Moreover, the resolution of the spectra was 4 cm⁻¹ in the 400–4000 cm⁻¹ frequency range. All spectra were captured at ambient temperature and the mean number of scans varied between 6 and 18^{11 (link)}.