Selection of compounds for testing was based on side effect profiles and compound availability. Bacampicillin (B0070000), ciclopirox (SML2011–50MG), ciclosporin (C2163000), clofazimine (1138904–200MG), dicycloverine (D1060000), fludrocortisone (1273003–200MG), fluticasone (1285873–100MG), haloperidol (H1512–5G), isoxicam (I1762–1G), lansoprazole (1356916–150MG), metixene (M1808000), myricetin (M6760–10MG), pentoxifylline (1508901–200MG), sirolimus (S-015–1ML), tretinoin (1674004–5X30MG), and valproic acid (1708707–500MG) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Remdesivir (GS-5734) was purchased from Selleckchem. Compounds were resuspended in DMSO according to manufacturer’s instructions and serially diluted to the relevant concentrations for treatment of infected cells.
Ciclosporin
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States
Ciclosporin is a pharmaceutical ingredient used in laboratory equipment and research. It is a cyclic polypeptide compound that plays a role in immunosuppression. The core function of Ciclosporin is to inhibit the activity of calcineurin, an enzyme involved in T-cell activation.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Ciclopirox, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fludrocortisone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Pentoxifylline, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Lansoprazole, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Sirolimus, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Fluticasone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tretinoin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Dicycloverine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Isoxicam, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Metixene, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Haloperidol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Valproic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Remdesivir, by Selleck Chemicals (2 mentions)
Clofazimine, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Bacampicillin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Myricetin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Nonessential amino acid solution, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Formic acid hplc grade, by Tedia (1 mentions)
Dulbecco s modified eagle s medium dmem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
4 protocols using ciclosporin
1
Screening Diverse Compounds for Antiviral Efficacy
2
Compound Selection and Preparation
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Selection of compounds for testing was based on side effect profiles and compound availability. Bacampicillin (B0070000), ciclopirox (SML2011-50MG), ciclosporin (C2163000), clofazimine (1138904-200MG), dicycloverine (D1060000), fludrocortisone (1273003-200MG), fluticasone (1285873-100MG), haloperidol (H1512-5G), isoxicam (I1762-1G), lansoprazole (1356916-150MG), metixene (M1808000), myricetin (M6760-10MG), pentoxifylline (1508901-200MG), sirolimus (S-015-1ML), tretinoin (1674004-5X30MG), and valproic acid (1708707-500MG) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Remdesivir (GS-5734) was purchased from Selleckchem.
Compounds were resuspended in DMSO according to manufacturer’s instructions and serially diluted to the relevant concentrations for treatment of infected cells.
Compounds were resuspended in DMSO according to manufacturer’s instructions and serially diluted to the relevant concentrations for treatment of infected cells.
3
Quantification of Ciclosporin and Verapamil
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Ciclosporin and verapamil were purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). HPLC-grade water was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Bedford, MA, USA). HPLC-grade acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from Merck (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC-grade formic acid was obtained from Tedia (Fairfield, OH, USA). HPLC-grade ammonium acetate was obtained from Aladdin Co., Lid (Shanghai, China). Cell culture grade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO, USA). Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), trypsin-EDTA, heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), nonessential amino acid solution, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) were purchased from Gibco Laboratories (Invitrogen Co, Grand Island, NY, USA). All other chemicals and solvents used were at least of analytical grade.
4
Inhibiting Cellular Pathways in Neutrophil Activation
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For inhibition experiments, cells were preincubated in the presence of 25 ng/mL GM‐CSF for 30 minutes with the following inhibitors: diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) 20 µM, dinitrophenol (DNP) 750 µM, cytochalasin D 10 µg/mL, oligomycin 10 µM, 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose 2 mM, EDTA 5 mM, rotenone 10 µM, antimycin 5 µM, ciclosporin 0,5 ng/mL, leupeptin 20 µM, MG‐115 1 µM (all Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), RO‐31‐8220 100 nM, SB203580 10 µM, R406 1 µM, rapamycin 100 nM, wortmannin and chloroquine 10 nM, Nec‐1s 50 µM (all Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA), bafilomycin A 500 nM, GSK484 1 mM, chymostatin 1 µM, z‐VAD 10 µM, GSK872 100 nM (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI, USA) LDC7559 1 µM (MedChemExpress, NJ, USA), and necrosulfonamid 5 µM (Merck Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). These concentrations had been optimized in pilot‐experiments. Inhibitors by themselves did not induce DNA‐release from neutrophils (data not shown).
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