Extracellular atp

Extracellular ATP, PD0325901, rapamycin, and chloroquine (CQ) were purchased from MedChemExpress (MCE, San Rafael, CA, United States), and L-glutamate was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). MRS2500 tetraammonium salt was purchased from Tocris (Bio-techne, Shanghai, China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin/streptomycin, trypsin and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Gibco (Thornton, NSW, Australia). The Cell Counting kit (CCK-8) was purchased from Dojindo Laboratory (Kumamoto, Japan). The JC-1 assay kit (5,50,6,60-tetrachloro-1,10,3,30-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide) and RIPA lysis buffer were obtained from Beyotime Biotech (China). The ROS assay kit (DCFH-DA) was purchased from Meilun (China). The FITC-labeled Annexin V Apoptosis Detection kit was purchased from BD Biosciences (Canada). The antibodies of p-Erk1/2, Erk1/2, p-Akt, Akt, LC3, SQSTM1/p62, GAPDH, FITC and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit/mouse antibody were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, United States). The second antibody conjugated anti-mouse IgG and conjugated anti-rabbit IgG were purchased from Thermo. Anti-P2Y1 receptor antibody was purchased from Alomone Labs (Jerusalem BioPark, Israel).