C3h hej

Six‐week‐old male C57BL/6J, A/J, BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, FVB, 129/SvJ, DBA/1, DBA/2, and ICR mice were purchased from Japan SLC, Inc. (Shizuoka, Japan). The animals were housed in a specific pathogen‐free animal facility at 23°C with 60% humidity with a 12 hr/12 hr light/dark cycle and had ad libitum access to food and tap water. The handling and care of the animals conformed to guidelines established in compliance with current international laws and policies (NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, NIH Publication No. 85‐23, 1985, revised 2011) and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Seoul National University (SNU‐120913‐1‐2). All experiments were conducted with an effort to minimize the number of animals used and the suffering caused by the procedures used in the study. All mice of each strain (n = 5 per strain) were sacrificed at 12 weeks and processed for tissue preparation.

Six-week-old male C57BL/6J, A/J, BALB/c, C3H/HeJ, FVB, 129/SvJ, DBA/1, DBA/2, and ICR mice were purchased from Japan SLC Inc. (Shizuoka, Japan). The animals were housed in a specific pathogen-free animal facility at 23°C with 60% humidity, a 12 h/12 h light/dark cycle, with ad libitum access to food and tap water. The handling and care of the animals conformed to guidelines established in compliance with current international laws and policies (NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, NIH Publication number 85-23, 1985, revised 1996) and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Seoul National University (SNU-120913-1-2). All experiments were conducted with an effort to minimize the number of animals used and the suffering caused by the procedures used in the study.

Six- to seven-week-old male ddY, ICR, C57BL/6, C3H/HeJ, and BALB/c mice were purchased from Japan SLC Inc. (Shizuoka, Japan). The mice were bred in Frontier Laboratories for Value Creation, Sapporo Holdings Ltd., Shizuoka, Japan. They were housed at 4–5 per cage (depth 26, width 18, and height 13 cm), and given water and commercial CRF-1 pellets (CLEA Japan, Inc.) ad libitum. After >1 week of preliminary breeding, the mice were used for experiments. In addition, 6–7-week-old male GF-ICR and GF-C57BL/6 mice were purchased from CLEA Japan, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). GF-mice were housed in flexible film plastic isolators (CLEA Japan, Inc.) and given sterilized water and sterilized CRF-1 pellets ad libitum. The diet was sterilized using an autoclave (121 °C, 60 min). After 1 week of preliminary breeding, Ex-GF mice were inoculated with 0.2 mL of a 10⁻¹ suspension of faeces obtained from SPF C57BL/6 mice in the stomach using a metal catheter. The protocols were approved by the Sapporo Holdings Animal Use Committee (permit number: 2015–016), and all the experimental procedures were performed according to the guidelines of the Animal Care Committee of Sapporo Holdings Ltd. and were in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals published by the National Academies Press.