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566 protocols using 2 propanol

1

Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide

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Titanium isopropoxide (TTIP; reagent grade, 99%, Aldrich, (Palo Alto, CA, USA), 2-propanol, nitric acid (HNO3), and distilled water were used for TiO2 nanoparticles synthesis. Graphene oxide was synthesized using graphite (325 mesh, Alfa-Aesar, Tewksbury, MA, USA), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 2-propanol (Merck, Burlington, MA, USA). CS beads were prepared using chitosan (from shrimp shells) with a molecular weight of Mv 144.000, measured by capillary viscometry (using an Ubbelohde 0C viscometer, Schott, Barcelona, Spain). K and a constants for CS in the solvent used (acetic acid 0.3 M + sodium acetate 0.2 M) at 25 °C are 0.074 mL/g and 0.76, respectively [81 (link)], for the calculation of the molecular weight with the Mark-Houwink-Sakurada equation (Equation (1)): [η]=K(Mv)a
The degree of deacetylation determined by 1H-NMR using a 400 MHz AVANCE II spectrometer (Bruker, Billerica, MA, US) at a temperature of 300 K and elemental analysis of the CS was 89%. The sample was dissolved in D2O with two drops of trifluoroacetic and 3-(trimethylsilyl)propionic acid-d4 as reference salt. The elemental analysis was performed using a Flash EA 1112 system (Thermo Electron, Waltham, MA, US).
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2

Quantifying Adipocyte Lipid Accumulation

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For measurement of lipid accumulation, 3T3L1 adipocytes were washed with PBS for 1 min, treated with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS (Nacalai Tesque) at 37 °C for 30 min, washed with 60% (vol/vol) 2-propanol (Nacalai Tesque), and then dried at 37 °C for 15 min. The fixed cells were stained with 0.3% (wt/vol) oil red O (Sigma-Aldrich) in 60% (vol/vol) 2-propanol at 37 °C for 30 min, washed with distilled water three times, and then incubated with 100% 2-propanol at room temperature for 1 min. Absorbance at 490 nm was measured by using an iMark microplate reader (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
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3

Synthesis and Characterization of CMC/ACP Scaffold

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CMC was synthesized according to ref.[27 (link)]. First, 13.5 g NaOH was dissolved in 100 ml of solvent comprising 20 ml water and 80 ml 2-propanol (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA), to which 10 g chitosan (85% deacetylated, Sangon Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) was gradually added under stirring (1000 rpm). This mixture was allowed to swell and alkalize at 25°C for 2 h. Next, 15 g monochloroacetic acid (Sigma-Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) dissolved in 20 ml 2-propanol was added dropwise to the mixture in 30 min. The activated chitosan was reacted with the acid for 4 h at 50°C, which was stopped by addition of 200 ml of 70% ethanol. After that, the resulting precipitate was desalted by dialysis and then dried under reduced pressure at 25°C to obtain CMC powder.
CMC gel was first prepared by mixing 2.5 g CMC into 40ml water under stirring (1000 rpm) until the CMC powder was completely dissolved. Then, 0.498 g K2HPO4 was added into the CMC gel under stirring (500 rpm). Next, 0.555 g CaCl2 was added into 10 ml deionized water and this solution was added dropwise into the CMC gel under stirring for 5 min to form CMC/ACP gel. The final concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions were 100 mM and 60 mM, respectively. This gel was immediately frozen at -80°C for 2 h and then lyophilized in vacuum freeze dryer (Lgj-B10, Beijing, China) for 6 h to form CMC/ACP scaffolds.
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4

Polycaprolactone-Based Antimicrobial Hydrogels

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Polycaprolactone diol (PCL-diol, Mn ~ 2000), tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn-Oct), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI: >98%), 1,4-diaminobutane (putrescine: 99%), 2-propanol (IsOH, anhydrous: 99.5%), inulin from dahlia tubers (n ≈ 36, Mr ~ 5000), ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O, 97%), ferrous chloride (FeCl2, 98%), and doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOXO, for HPLC: 98–102%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. Mexico; ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, ~29%), sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate (Na3C6H5O7·2H2O, ~98%), 2-propanol were purchased from J.T. Baker. Ethylene dichloride (ACS reagent grade) was purchased from Macron Chemicals and Hartmann physiological solution was purchased from the local drugstore. All reactants were used as received.
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5

Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells

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For fabrication, the ITO glass
was cleaned in a sequence with a detergent and deionized water, acetone,
and IPA via sonication for 10 min for each at room temperature. A
thin TiO2 compact layer was deposited on a cleaned ITO
substrate by spin-coating using a solution composed of 0.15 M titanium
diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (75 wt % in 2-propanol, Sigma-Aldrich)
in 2-propanol (99.9% Sigma-Aldrich) at 4000 rpm for 30 s. The coated
ITO substrate was then dried at 120 °C for 5 min, followed by
calcination at 450 °C for 30 min. Furthermore, TiO2 paste (Titania Paste, Dyesol) diluted in ethanol (5 mg/mL) was spin-coated
on the compact TiO2-coated ITO substrate at 6000 rpm for
30 s to get a mesoporous TiO2 film at ambient temperature.
After coating, the bilayer samples were dried at 120 °C for 5
min and then sintered at 450 °C for 30 min. On the deposited
TiO2 layer, thin films of undoped and KMnO4-doped
MAPbI3 perovskite solutions in anhydrous DMF were deposited
by one-step solution spin-casting of the PbI2/MAI (1:1,
ratio) mixture in anhydrous DMF at 4000 rpm for 40 s in an ambient
atmosphere. Thus, the obtained films were annealed at 100 °C
for 10 min in ambient air to obtain dark-brown-colored perovskite
films.
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6

Adipocyte Lipid Staining Protocol

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Following adipocyte differentiation, cells were washed twice with PBS, fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin (Sigma) for 45 min, then washed twice with tap water and fixed again with 2-propanol (Sigma) for 5 min. Filtered Oil Red O solution (1.8 mg/ml in 2-propanol; Sigma) was added to the cells and incubated for 10 min. After two washes with PBS, cells were counterstained with Mayer’s hematoxylin solution (Sigma) for 3 min, before two washes with tap water, addition of PBS, and imaging with a phase-contrast microscope. All steps were performed at RT.
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7

Preparation and Characterization of Electrophoretic Ink Particles

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Example 8

24.0 g Dodecylmethacrylate (Merck, 800589), 8.9 g (2-(Methylacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethyl ammoniummethylsulfat (Aldrich, 408123), 1.2 g 2-Mercaptoethanol (Merck, 805740), and 50.0 g 2-Propanol (Merck, 109634) are combined in a 250 ml three-neck flask equipped with reflux condenser and argon supply. The reaction mixture is heated to 90° C. and the setup is flushed with argon, 0.2 g Vazo 67 (DuPont) is added and the reaction is continued for 6 hours.

2.5 g of the resulting polymer, 20.0 g 2-Propanol (Merck, 109634), 25.7 g Dodecane (Aldrich, 386707), and 10.0 g TiPure R960 (DuPont) are combined in a 100 ml round bottom flask and homogenised. Remaining volatile components are removed using a rotator evaporator until no further condensation at 60° C. and 2 mbar is observed. Subsequently, the dispersion is stirred for 3 hours at 120° C. The resulting dispersion in Dodecane has a solid content of 38.6% and exhibits dispersed particles under an optical microscope.

Electrophoretic inks with 3% wt of the prepared particles and 3% wt additive are prepared and the Zetapotential characterised using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS.

With Aerosol OT (Aldrich, 323586) a Zetapotential of +43 mV, and with Span 85 (Aldrich, S7135) a Zetapotential of +0 mV is found.

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8

Adipogenic Differentiation of MSCs

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To validate the differentiation process, undifferentiated MSCs were seeded into a 6-well plate (TPP, CH). They were cultured with the previously described expansion medium. When cells reached confluence, they were rinsed with PBS, and the medium was replaced with 2 ml of MSC differentiation medium described previously. The cells were cultured for 21 days under standard cell culture conditions. After differentiation, the cells were washed twice with PBS-. They were fixed for 10 min at room temperature with ROTI Histofix 4% (Carl Roth GmbH + CO. KG, DE). Cells were rinsed with deionized water and then incubated with 60% 2-propanol (Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG) for five min. Lipid droplets were stained with the prepared Oil Red O staining solution (stock concentration: 0.5 g Oil Red O [Merck KGaA, DE] to 100 ml 2-propanol; staining solution: 60% stock solution + 40% deionized water) for 10 minutes at room temperature, followed by two rinsing steps, first with 60% 2-propanol and then with deionized water.
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9

Synthesis and Purification of Sulfonated Diphenyl Sulfone

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Hydroquinone (HQ) was purchased from Merck and was recrystallized from hot water before use. 4,4′-(4,4′-Sulfonylbis-(1,4-phenylene)bis(oxy)) diphenol was synthesized from 4,4′-difluorodiphenyl sulfone and Hydroquinone. 4,4′-Difluorodiphenyl sulfone was provided from Merck and recrystallized from toluene, and 3,3′-disulfonated-4,4′-difluorodiphenyl sulfone (DFS) was synthesized from nonsulfonated dihalide and recrystallized from (water/2-propanol) mixture. Potassium carbonate (Merck) was dried at 120 °C in a vacuum oven overnight. Dimethylacetamide (DMAc) from Merck was dried over calcium hydride for 12 h and then distilled under reduced pressure and stored over molecular sieves. Ethanol, toluene, 2-propanol, fuming sulfuric acid (30%) (All from Merck) were used as received.
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10

Preparation of Alcoholic Solutions

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Methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). 1-butanol and 2-propanol were purchased from Merk (Darmstadt, Germany). Distilled deionized water (DDW) was supplied from a Millipore Milli-Q water system (Bedford, MD). All other chemicals and reagents were of the highest available purity and used as purchased.
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