D amphetamine sulfate

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany

D-amphetamine sulfate is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. D-amphetamine sulfate is commonly used in research and analytical applications as a standard or reference material.

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Lab products found in correlation

Truscan software, by Harvard Apparatus (5 mentions) Open field chamber, by Harvard Apparatus (4 mentions) Chloral hydrate, by Merck Group (4 mentions) Cocaine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Pentobarbital sodium, by Merck Group (3 mentions) Methylphenidate hydrochloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Plexiglas chamber, by San Diego Instruments (2 mentions) L ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Dopamine hydrochloride, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Dizocilpine, by Merck Group (2 mentions) L kynurenine sulfate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Py416, by Cell Signaling Technology (1 mentions) Rs 3 5 dihydroxyphenylglycine dhpg, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) β actin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) U73122, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Sch23390, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Mk 801 hydrogen maleate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Cp55940, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Quinpirole hydrochloride, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions) Skf81297, by Bio-Techne (1 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

D-amphetamine (62 citations) Amphetamine (55 citations) D-amphetamine sulfate (AMPH; (6 citations) D)-Methylphenethylamine (D-amphetamine) sulfate salt (2 citations)

75 protocols using d amphetamine sulfate

Amphetamine Effects on Locomotor Activity

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According to a split-plot design, 1/2 of each group received an intraperitoneal injection (1 ml/100g body wt) of either saline or d-amphetamine sulfate (2 mg /kg body wt; Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Mice were immediately placed in the open-field activity arena to record ambulatory and rearing activity in 5 min epochs for 150 min. Animals were semi-randomly assigned to order of injection and balanced across genotype and home cage. After a 1-wk drug clearance interval, the vehicle or drug delivery was reversed.

Goulding D.R., Nikolova V.D., Mishra L., Zhuo L., Kimata K., McBride S.J., Moy S.S., Jean Harry G, & Garantziotis S. (2018). Inter-α-inhibitor deficiency in the mouse is associated with alterations in anxiety-like behavior, exploration, and social approach. Genes, brain, and behavior, 18(1), e12505.

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Immunoblotting of Glutamate Receptors

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We used the following primary antibodies: a mouse antibody against mGlu1a (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) or transferrin receptors (TfR, ThermoFisher), or a rabbit antibody against mGlu5 (MilliporeSigma), pY416 (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA), Src (Cell Signaling), or β-actin (MilliporeSigma). Pharmacological agents used in this study include D-amphetamine sulfate (MilliporeSigma) and (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) (Tocris, Minneapolis, MN). At the day of experiments, all drugs were freshly prepared.

Mao L.M, & Wang J.Q. (2018). Amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference and changes in mGlu1/5 receptor expression and signaling in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience, 400, 110-119.

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Psychostimulant Dose-Response Comparison

Cited 2 times

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d-Amphetamine sulfate (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg; s.c.),
methylphenidate hydrochloride (0, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg; i.p.), and
methamphetamine hydrochloride (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg; s.c.) were purchased from
Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and were prepared in 0.9% NaCl (saline). The doses
were calculated based on salt weight. Each drug was injected at room temperature
in a volume of 1 ml/kg. Each drug was administered 15 min prior to the session,
and each drug was administered in a counterbalanced order. Specifically, some
rats started with injections of amphetamine, some started with injections of
methylphenidate, and some started with injections of methamphetamine. Within an
individual drug, doses were administered randomly (i.e., some rats received
vehicle first, some received the low dose first, etc.). Rats received each dose
of a particular drug before receiving injections of the next drug. The doses and
pre-session treatment time (15 min) were chosen based on previous research
(Baarendse & Vanderschuren, 2012 (link);
Perry, Stairs, & Bardo, 2008 (link);
Pitts & Febbo, 2004 (link); Richards et al., 1999 (link); van Gaalen et al., 2006 (link); Wooters & Bardo, 2011 (link)).

Yates J.R., Prior N.A., Chitwood M.R., Day H.A., Heidel J.R., Hopkins S.E., Muncie B.T., Paradella-Bradley T.A., Sestito A.P., Vecchiola A.N, & Wells E.E. (2019). Using a dependent schedule to measure risky choice in male rats: Effects of d-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and methamphetamine. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 28(2), 181-195.

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Amphetamine Sensitization in Rats

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In our research we used two groups: the study group composed of 8 rats receiving amphetamine according to a two-injection sensitisation protocol with a booster dose (TIPS), and the control group of 6 rats not exposed to amphetamine. The rats received a single dose of amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg/day). After a 6-day interval, the same dose of D-amphetamine was given once a day for 7 days. Following a 14-day interval after amphetamine administration the rats were given a single booster dose (1.5 mg/ kg/day) of amphetamine, 2 h before decapitation. Under this scheme a single dose of amphetamine initiates the process of permanent neuroadaptation changes. These changes become apparent at the behavioural and biochemical level in response to a second dose [35, 39] . D-amphetamine sulfate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) was dissolved (1.5 mg/ml) in sterile aqueous 0.9% NaCl solution (Sal; Polpharma, Starogard Gdański, Poland) and injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.).
All animal use procedures were performed in accordance with both the European Communities Council Directive of November 24, 1986 on the protection of laboratory animals (86/609/EEC), and with the current laws of Poland, and were approved by the Bioethical Committee of the Medical University of Warsaw (Certificate of Approval No. 47/2012).

Stępień T., Taracha E., Kaniuga E., Płaźnik A, & Wierzba-Bobrowicz T. (2017). Effects of amphetamine administration on neurogenesis in adult rats. Folia neuropathologica, 55(4).

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Pharmacological Modulation of Dopamine Signaling

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D-Amphetamine-sulfate and SCH23390 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) were dissolved in saline and administered subcutaneously (s.c). SCH23390 was administered 20 minutes prior to amphetamine administration. The Protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), was dissolved in DMSO and diluted in saline to a final concentration of 8 nmol/μL. The Phospholipase C-β (PLCβ) inhibitor U73122 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), was dissolved in DMSO and diluted with saline to a final concentration of 9 nmol/μL. The trkB receptor antagonist K-252a (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in 25% DMSO/saline and diluted down to a final concentration of 25 ng/μl [30 (link), 31 (link)]. Sterile saline (0.9% sodium chloride) was used for vehicle control injections.

Williams S.N, & Undieh A.S. (2015). Dopamine-sensitive signaling mediators modulate psychostimulant-induced ultrasonic vocalization behavior in rats. Behavioural brain research, 296, 1-6.

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Locomotor Activity in Stressed Rats

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Between 1 and 2 or 5 and 6 weeks after the stress, rats were tested in an open-field chamber (Coulbourn Instruments) in which locomotor activity was determined by beam breaks and recorded with TruScan software (Coulbourn Instruments). Basal locomotor activity was recorded for 30 min. After that, rats were injected with saline (1 mL/kg) or D-amphetamine sulfate (0.75 mg/kg, i.p.; Sigma) and their locomotor activity was recorded for another 90 min.

Gomes F.V., Zhu X, & Grace A.A. (2019). The pathophysiological impact of stress on the dopamine system is dependent on the state of the critical period of vulnerability. Molecular psychiatry, 25(12), 3278-3291.

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GABA-A Receptor Subtype Binding Assay

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PWZ–029 (molecular weight = 291.73 g/mol), an α₅ GABA_A receptor selective inverse agonist, was synthesized at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, USA. Binding affinity for PWZ-029 at human recombinant GABA_A receptors containing β₃, γ₂ and α₁, α₂, α₃ or α₅ subunit was determined to amount (Ki, nM): 920, > 300, > 300 and 38.8, respectively (Harris et al., 2008 (link); Savić et al., 2008 (link)). (+)-MK-801 hydrogen maleate, a potent NMDA receptor antagonist, and D-amphetamine-sulfate were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. PWZ–029 was suspended/dissolved with the aid of sonication in the solvent (85% distilled water, 14% propylene glycol, and 1% Tween 80). MK-801 and amphetamine were dissolved in saline. All compounds were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) in a volume of 2 mL/kg, 20 min before the behavioral testing, with the exception of Experiment V, in which the animal’s behavior was recorded immediately after respective treatments.
For plasma protein and brain tissue binding studies, stock solutions of PWZ-029 were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

Stamenić T.T., Joksimović S., Biawat P., Stanković T., Marković B., Cook J.M, & Savić M.M. (2015). Negative modulation of α5 GABAA receptors in rats may partially prevent memory impairment induced by MK-801, but not amphetamine- or MK-801-elicited hyperlocomotion. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 29(9), 1013-1024.

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Pharmacokinetics of CNO in Rodents

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Guettier and others [30 (link)] showed that in mice that had received a single intraperitoneal injection of CNO (1 mg/kg), CNO plasma levels peaked after 15 min and only decreased 2 h after injections. This study, as well as the study by Alexander and others [31 (link)], reported that CNO remains systemically active in rodents for up to 10 h after administration. Such published data on CNO’s duration of action provided us with guidance as to the appropriate time window in which to carry out the CNO-induced behavioral and micro-PET assays. CNO (Enzo Life Sciences, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA) was dissolved in DMSO and then diluted in a 0.9% sterile saline solution, to yield a final DMSO concentration of 10%. The drug solution was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 1 mg/kg. CNO vehicle injections consisted of sterile saline containing 10% DMSO. D-amphetamine sulfate was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and was administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg, dissolved in 0.9% saline. All drugs were injected intraperitoneally.

Sharma P.K., Wells L., Rizzo G., Elson J.L., Passchier J., Rabiner E.A., Gunn R.N., Dexter D.T, & Pienaar I.S. (2020). DREADD Activation of Pedunculopontine Cholinergic Neurons Reverses Motor Deficits and Restores Striatal Dopamine Signaling in Parkinsonian Rats. Neurotherapeutics, 17(3), 1120-1141.

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Amphetamine-Induced Locomotor Activity

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Locomotor activity was assessed in open-field chambers (Coulbourn Instruments) with ambulatory movement in the x-y plane recorded for 30 minutes. Rats were next injected with d-amphetamine sulfate (0.75 mg/kg, i.p.; Sigma), followed by the recording of locomotion for 60 minutes. Data were computed in 5-min bins for time-course analysis, and the total distance traveled post-amphetamine was calculated.

Zhu X, & Grace A.A. (2020). Prepubertal environmental enrichment prevents dopamine dysregulation and hippocampal hyperactivity in MAM schizophrenia model rats.. Biological psychiatry, 89(3), 298-307.

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Amphetamine-Induced Locomotion in RNU Rats

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The open field test was conducted on RNU−/− and RNU−/+ rats prior to surgery and the D-amphetamine sulfate induced rotational test in order to determine whether or not RNU−/− and RNU−/+ rats respond differently to amphetamine D-amphetamine sulfate. The open field test consists of a square arena (60 cm × 60 cm) enclosed in a Plexiglas chamber with 50 cm high walls (San Diego Instruments, San Diego, CA). Equally spaced photobeams (8 cm × 8 cm) with directly opposed photosensors were projected four inches off the floor. Behavioral activity was quantitatively and automatically measured by the number of parallel light beams that were intercepted by the animal in the field. When two adjacent light beams were intercepted (scored as single light beam breaks), the animal was deemed to have actively engaged in locomotor activity, as opposed to passive motor activity (e.g. stationary movement). Rats are assessed during a habituation (baseline) period of 30 minutes and are assessed for total ambulatory locomotion for an additional 120 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of D-amphetamine sulfate (2.5 mg/kg; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO).

Wheeler C.J., Seksenyan A., Koronyo Y., Rentsendorj A., Sarayba D., Wu H., Gragg A., Siegel E., Thomas D., Espinosa A., Thompson K., Black K., Koronyo-Hamaoui M., Pechnick R, & Irvin D.K. (2014). T-Lymphocyte Deficiency Exacerbates Behavioral Deficits in the 6-OHDA Unilateral Lesion Rat Model for Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of neurology & neurophysiology, 5(3), 209.

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