Triethylamine tea

All chemicals were used as received from commercial suppliers without further purification. The microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), named Avicel PH-101^®, was provided by FMC BioPolymer (Sandvika, Norway). The average particle size of Avicel PH-101^® was about 50 µm. The silane coupling agent (3–mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MRPS) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (95%, Steinheim, Germany). All reactions with alkoxysilane were carried out in deionized water. Triethylamine (TEA) was obtained from Merck (99%, Darmstadt, Germany). Methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, and ethanol were of technical grade.
All reactions were carried out under nitrogen atmosphere and magnetic stirring in a 100 mL reaction flask equipped with a reflux condenser.

Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, limonene standard solution, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyil) carbodiimide hydrochloride, cellulose membrane tubing MW cut-off 12.5 kDa, low-molecular-weight chitosan, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), and triethylamine (TEA) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). BEO was from Alidans (Pisa, Italy). QA-Ch was synthesized according to [16 (link)] and conjugated with MCD as already described [17 (link)]. The resulting QA-Ch-MCD had a molecular weight of 603 kg/mol and the following features: 8.8% acetylation degree, 33.1% degree of quaternarization with n = 4 (diethyldimethylene ammonium) length pendant chains, and 45.5% MCD degree of functionalization. All aqueous solutions/dispersions were prepared in deionized water.

Polyethersulfone (PES; Ultrason E6020P; BASF, Germany) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; K-30; Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) were dried prior to use, while N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP; 99%; Merck, Germany) and triethylene glycol (TEG; 98%; Arcos, Belgium) were employed as received. For PA synthesis, m-phenylenediamine (MPD; ≥ 99%), 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid chloride (TMC; 98%), D(+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid (CSA; ≥ 98%), and n-hexane (95%) from Acros, as well as triethylamine (TEA; for synthesis 99%; Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA), were used as received. For synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), monomers N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm; stabilized, 99%; Acros), N,N’-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN; 98%; Sigma-Aldrich), and 1,4-dioxane (99.5%; Acros) were employed. The surface modification step was carried out in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7; Bernd Kraft GmbH, Duisburg, Germany). Sodium chloride (NaCl) was purchased from Fluka. For colloidal fouling experiments, microparticles based on silicon dioxide (SiO₂; 0.5 μm) and LUDOX® TM-50 colloidal silica (50 wt.% suspension in H₂O; 50 nm) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Nitrogen and argon gasses were purchased from Messer Griesheim GmbH. Ultrapure water, produced by a Milli-Q system (Millipore), was used.

Internal lipid standards were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids and were combined to produce an E. coli internal standard mixture (Supplementary Table S2). Ammonium bicarbonate and HPLC grade chloroform (CHCl₃) were purchased from Ajax Finechem. Ammonium formate and sodium chloride were purchased from ChemSupply. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), chloroacetamide (CAA), iodine, isopropanol (IPA), MS grade MeOH and acetonitrile (ACN), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), phosphoric acid, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), triethylamine (TEA), triethylammonium bicarbonate (TEAB) and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) were from Merck, and 0.15 mm zirconium oxide beads were purchased from Next Advance. The yeast extract and tryptone were from Oxoid. MS grade Pierce trypsin protease and isopropanol were purchased from Thermo Fisher, and ¹³C₁-DMBNHS was synthesised as previously described [43 ,44 (link)].

Polysulfone (PSF, MW = 35 000 g mol⁻¹), chloroform, paraformaldehyde, chlorotrimethylsilane, stannic chloride, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) and dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Australia. Polyethersulfone (PES, MW = 51 000 g mol⁻¹) was purchased from BASF. 6-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA) was bought from ACROS, USA. Triethylamine (TEA) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Merck, Australia. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was purchased from Amresco, Australia. All the chemicals were analytical grade and used without further purification.

Silicon wafers used for the manufacturing of the nanoparticles were purchased from Siltronix (Archamps, France). Luminescent cell viability assay and VivoGlo^TM Luciferin were purchased from Promega. Cyanine5 amine (Cy5) was purchased from Lumiprobe. Hydrofluoric acid (HF, 49%) was purchased from J. T. Baker (Center Valley, PA, USA). Human holo-transferrin, undecylenic acid (UA), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) hydrochloride, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) hydrate, ethanol (EtOH), dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane (DCM), and triethylamine (TEA) were purchased from Merck (Macquarie Park, Australia). All solvents were of analytical grade. Water (HPLC grade) was obtained with a Milli-Q Advantage A10 water purification system (Merck Millipore, Bayswater, Australia). α-Carboxyl-ω-amino poly(ethylene glycol) 10 kDa (NH₂-PEG-COOH) and methoxy poly-(ethylene glycol)-amine 10 kDa (mPEG-NH₂) were purchased from Advanced BioChemicals (Lawrenceville, GA, USA). All other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Macquarie Park, Australia) unless stated otherwise.