The measurements were performed by trained researchers under the supervision of the principal investigator. Students were measured with bare feet, wearing shorts and a t-shirt. They were asked to void their bladder before starting the measurements, as well as to remove all jewellery. Weight (TANITA BC-418 Body Composition Analyzer, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan) and height (wall-fixed stadiometer) were measured to calculate BMI. Body composition, including fat%, fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM), was estimated using TANITA BC-418 Body Composition Analyzer, which is a validated eight-electrode device for hand-to-foot bioelectrical impedance analysis operating with a 50-kHz current [5 (link)]. Participants were instructed to step on the electrodes with bare feet and to grab both hand grips. WC was measured with Cescorf Anthrotape on the narrowest part of the waist to analyse body fat distribution [6 (link)]. All measurements, except those using TANITA, were conducted twice and an additional third time when tolerance limits were exceeded. Subsequently, mean values were calculated from the two nearest values.
Bc 418 body composition analyzer
Manufactured by Tanita
Sourced in Japan, United States
The Tanita BC-418 Body Composition Analyzer is a lab equipment device that measures body composition. It uses bioelectrical impedance analysis to determine the user's body weight, body fat percentage, muscle mass, and other body composition metrics.
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Lab products found in correlation
28 protocols using bc 418 body composition analyzer
1
Body Composition and Anthropometric Measurements
2
Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition
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In present study, the participants’ height and weight were measured following standardized procedures [32 ]. Height measurements were obtained using a wall-mounted stadiometer (Seca 206, Germany) with a precision of 0.1 cm, while weight measurements were recorded using a digital floor scale (Seca 813, Germany) with a precision of 0.1 kg. These measurements were taken without shoes and with minimal clothing to ensure accuracy. To assess body composition, the Tanita BC-418 body composition analyzer (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was employed. Additionally, waist circumference was measured with a flexible, non-stretchable tape measure. The measurement was taken at the midpoint between the lower border of the rib cage and the iliac crest while the participants stood with their feet close together and no pressure applied to the body surface. The waist circumference measurement was recorded with an approximate precision of 1.0 cm [32 ].
3
Anthropometry and Blood Pressure Assessment
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Anthropometry assessment. Standing height was recorded to the nearest 0•5 cm. Weight was measured in light clothing using a digital platform scale accurate to 0•1 kg (Tanita BC-418 Body Composition Analyzer; Tanita Corporation); total body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis at the same time. Waist circumference was measured to the nearest millimetre at the midpoint between the twelfth rib and the iliac crest, according to International Diabetes Federation guidelines (20) .
Blood pressure. Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and heart rate were measured in duplicate after 5 min of rest (seated) using an automated blood pressure monitor (Omron M5; Omron Healthcare Co. Ltd).
Blood pressure. Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and heart rate were measured in duplicate after 5 min of rest (seated) using an automated blood pressure monitor (Omron M5; Omron Healthcare Co. Ltd).
4
Tanita BC-418 Body Composition Analysis
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Body composition will be measured with the Tanita BC-418 Body Composition Analyzer [94 ].
5
Standardized Anthropometric Measurements
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Anthropometric measurements were obtained by trained research clinic staff. Weight (without shoes and outdoor clothing) was measured using the Tanita BC 418 body composition analyzer, and height (without shoes) was measured using the wall-mounted SECA 240 height measure. Waist circumference (WC) was measured at a midway between the lowest rib margin and the iliac crest, and hip circumference (HC) was measured just over the hips at the maximum circumference. Waist-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated by dividing the WC by the HC.
6
Anthropometric Measures and Body Shapes
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Anthropometric measures were recorded by trained personnel. Height and weight were measured using a Seca 202 stadiometer and a Tanita BC-418 body composition analyzer, respectively. BMI was calculated as body weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters squared). WC was measured at the natural indent or the umbilicus and HC at the widest point of the participants. WHR was calculated as WC (in centimeters) divided by HC (in centimeters) (42 ). Weight and WC were not recorded for women, who were pregnant at baseline, and were thus excluded in our analysis because of missing exposure information.
Body shapes were derived from a PCA on the residuals of the six anthropometric traits (BMI, height, weight, WHR, WC, and HC) computed by regressing each trait on sex, age, and recruitment center. The distributions of PC data were winsorized at 1 and 99% to reduce the influence of point anomalies (44 ). Details regarding PC loadings and its proportion of variance explained can be found in table S1. We computed the arithmetic mean of each anthropometric trait of participants in the top and bottom 5% across all four body shape phenotypes to facilitate its interpretation (table S7). We also derived the body shape phenotypes in other ancestries available in UK Biobank (i.e., African, Asian, and Chinese).
Body shapes were derived from a PCA on the residuals of the six anthropometric traits (BMI, height, weight, WHR, WC, and HC) computed by regressing each trait on sex, age, and recruitment center. The distributions of PC data were winsorized at 1 and 99% to reduce the influence of point anomalies (44 ). Details regarding PC loadings and its proportion of variance explained can be found in table S1. We computed the arithmetic mean of each anthropometric trait of participants in the top and bottom 5% across all four body shape phenotypes to facilitate its interpretation (table S7). We also derived the body shape phenotypes in other ancestries available in UK Biobank (i.e., African, Asian, and Chinese).
7
Functional Capacity and Quality of Life Assessment
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Functional capacity was measured by the six-minute walk test [37 (link)], performance-based balance by Berg Balance Scale (BBS) [38 (link)], muscle strength (grip strength) by Jamar dynamometer [39 (link)], weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) by a Tanita BC-418 Body Composition Analyzer for the participants without a pacemaker (contraindication). An electronic body scale was used for patients with a pacemaker, and BMI was calculated (weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared). Finally, HRQOL was measured by the Medical Outcome Study 36 Item Short-Form Health Survey, version 2 (SF-36) [40 (link)].
8
Anthropometric and Blood Pressure Measurements
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Height to the nearest mm was measured using a stadiometer (Measurement concepts, North Bend, Australia), and weight to the nearest 0.1 kg was measured with the BC-418 Body Composition Analyzer (Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with light clothing and no shoes [22 ]. BMI was then calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m2). The BC-418 Body Composition Analyzer measured % body fat by bioelectrical impedance. Waist circumference was measured to the nearest cm midway between the lowest rib margin and the iliac crest [22 ]. Hip circumference was measured to the nearest cm at the point yielding the maximum circumference over the buttocks [22 ]. A clinical BP monitor with a cuff size of 25-35 cm (model 506DX; Criticare Systems Inc, Waukesha, WI, USA) attached to the dominant arm was used to take BP measurements during screening, while seated, four times at 2-min intervals after the participant had rested for 5 min. The mean of the last 3 of 4 measurements was used.
9
Body Composition Analysis Using BIA
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The study made use of a Tanita BC 418 body composition analyzer (Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan), a technique based on BIA measurement with the use of a single frequency current of 50 kHz (single frequency BIA – SF-BIA) and an 8-contact electrode system. The analyzer measured: basal metabolic rate in kcal, the volume of the total body water (TBW) in the system (%); the volume of adipose tissue in the organism as a whole in relation to body mass expressed in percent (fat mass [FAT%]) and in the abdominal cavity (visceral fat mass [Visc.FAT%]).
10
Anthropometric and Biomarker Measurements in UK Biobank
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Height was measured to the nearest centimeter using a Seca 202 stadiometer (Hamburg, Germany), and bodyweight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a Tanita BC-418 body composition analyzer (Tokyo, Japan) during the initial assessment center visit [19 (link)]. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. UK Biobank collects about 45 mL of blood from each participant using the vacutainer system at the initial assessment center visit [20 (link)]. Blood samples from participants are transported overnight by commercial courier to a central laboratory where they are processed and analyzed by a Beckman automated hematology analyzer (Beckman Coulter AU5800). High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP), HDL-C, LDL-C, and triacylglycerols were measured by immuno-turbidimetric, enzyme immuno-inhibition, enzymatic selective protection, and enzymatic automatically. Each process step included quality assurance procedures, and the data outputs have an associated component that identifies the machine and operator involved in processing the sample [21 (link)]. The HbA1c assay was performed using five Bio-Rad Variant II Turbo analyzers by Bio-Rad Laboratories. BP was measured by registered nurses using an Omron 705 IT electronic blood pressure monitor (or manually if unavailable), and the mean of available measurements was derived [21 (link)].
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