Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid

ACH-2 and J1.1 cells were obtained from the NIH HIV-1 Reagent Program (Germantown, MD, USA) and maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, penicillin, streptomycin and L-glutamine (all from ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA) at 37 °C and 5% CO₂. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), Prostratin, Valproic Acid (VPA), Trichostatin A (TSA), JQ1, and Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Panobinostat was from BioVision (Milpitas, CA, USA). EPZ-6438 and AZD5582 were obtained from Selleck Chem (Houston, TX, USA). BIX-01294 and 5-azacytidine were from StemCell Technologies (Vancouver, BC, Canada). Hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) was obtained from Abcam (Boston, MA, USA). All inhibitors were solubilized in DMSO, except for HMBA, which was resuspended in sterile water.

Gossypol (GOS), valproic acid sodium salt (VPA), Tween 80, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), tubacin, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), propidium iodide (PI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Hoechst 33342, and MG132 were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). GOS was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The final concentration of DMSO never exceeded 0.2%, which had no cytotoxicity in this study (data not shown). WST-1 assay kit was obtained from Roche (Penzberg, Germany). RNase A, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), RPMI-1640, fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin and streptomycin were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Hybond-P) were purchased from GE Healthcare Life Sciences (Piscataway, NJ, USA). The antibodies against cyclin A2 (#4656), Bcl-2 (#2870), Bax (#2772), Bim (#2933), PARP(#9532), cleaved caspase-3 (#9664), cleaved caspase-8 (#9496), cleaved caspase-9 (#7237), phospho(p)-Akt (Thr308: #2965), Akt (#2920), FOXO3a (#2497), p-FOXO3a (Ser253: #9466), acetyl-histone H3 (Lys9: #9649), acetyl-histone H4 (Lys16: #8804), histone H3 (#9717), LC3B (#3868), and β-tubulin (#2128) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). The antibody against survivin (sc-10811) was from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Vincristine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), and tubastatin A (HDAC6 inhibitor) was synthesized from Dr. Jing-Ping Liou (Taipei Medical University, Taiwan). The above drugs were dissolved in DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) and then preserved at −20 °C. Rhodamine 123, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium, propidium iodide, anti-β-tubulin, FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG, and all of the other chemical reagents used in this study were purchased from Sigma Chemical (St. Louis, MO, USA) and of analytical grade. Primary antibodies against Cdc2 (pY15), aurora B, caspase 8, caspase 9, HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC4, and Bid were all purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA); cyclin B, Cdc25C, Cdc2, PARP, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA); MPM2 (pSer/Thr) and H3 (pS10) were purchased from Upstate Biotechnology (Lake Placid, NY, USA); PLK (pT210), caspase 6, and caspase 7 were purchased from BD Biosciences (San Jose, CA, USA); caspase 3 was purchased from Imgenex (San Diego, CA, USA); acetyl-histone 3 was purchase from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA); and an internal control, GAPDH, was purchased from Novus Biologicals (Littleton, CO, USA). Vectashield® mounting medium with DAPI was purchased from Burlingame, CA, USA.