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9 protocols using methanesulfonyl chloride

1

Synthesis of N,N'-Dimethylcytosine Derivative

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To a solution of the crude product of the preceding step (419 mg, 1.47 mmol) in pyridine (Sigma-Aldrich; 4.7 ml), methanesulfonyl chloride (Sigma-Aldrich: 95 μL, 1.23 mmol) was added with stirring at 0°C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until completeness (16 h). Solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, and the raw material was purified by flash chromatography on Combiflash (Teledyne ISCO), yielding 475 mg of a white powder (95% yield). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, acetonitrile-d3, δ-H): 1.32 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.54 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.33 (dd, 1H, J = 11 Hz, H-5′), 4.46 (dd, 1H, J = 11 Hz, H-5′), 4.20 (m, 1H), 4.72 (dd, 1H), 4.80 (m, 2H), 7.55 (s, 1H, H-6), 10.23 (sb, 1H, NH), 10.45 (sb, 1H, NH).
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2

Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Nucleoside Analogues

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Unless otherwise noted, all reagents and solvents were used as received from commercial suppliers. These include thymidine (≥99%), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (98%), methanesulfonyl chloride (99.7%), 2-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite, 4,4′-dimethoxytriphenylmethyl chloride (≥97%), acetonitrile, dichloromethane, cyclohexanes, hexanes, and ethyl acetate, all from Sigma-Aldrich, 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one (98%, TCI America), tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane (97%, Alfa Aesar), and 1,2,4–1H-triazole (99.5%, Acros Organics).
1H and 13C NMR spectral data were acquired in deuterium-labeled solvents including CDCl3 (99.96% D), DMSO-d6 (99.9% D), CD3OD (99.8% D), and D2O (99.9% D), each purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc. Column chromatography was conducted using silica gel of 200–400 mesh, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed with silica plates with 250 μm thickness (Merck®).
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3

Synthesis of Functionalized Polymeric Nanocarriers

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Pluronic F127 and methane sulfonyl chloride were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Nε-Benzyloxycarbonyl-l-lysine (l-lysine(z)) was purchased from Energy Chemical. Polyethylene glycol (PEG4000), triethylamine, triphosgene, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 5-FU (98%), and trifluoroacetic acid-d (TFA-d) were obtained from Aladdin. Moreover, 33% HBr/acetic acid solution was acquired from J&K Chemical. Dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran (THF), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), chloroform, petroleum ether, ammonium hydroxide solution, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works. Dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 (DMSO-d6) was obtained from CIL.
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4

Acetyl-CoA Enzyme Assay Protocol

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Acetyl-coenzyme A sodium salt,
coenzyme A hydrate, coenzyme A trilithium salt, anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), trifluoroacetic
acid (TFA), oxalyl chloride (2 M in dichloromethane), 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic
acid) (DTNB), methyl (S)-(−)-lactate, methyl
(R)-(+)-lactate, methanesulfonyl
chloride, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 2-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol
(Bis-Tris), 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane (Bis-Tris
propane), and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris-HCl)
were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Monosodium phosphate
monohydrate, disodium phosphate heptahydrate, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic
acid (HEPES), hexanes, ethyl acetate, methanol, triethylamine, adenosine
5′-triphosphate trisodium salt, and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
hydrochloride (TCEP) were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh,
PA). 2-Fluoropropionic acid was purchased from Oakwood Products (West
Columbia, SC).
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5

Synthesis of Multifunctional Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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The chemicals tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), n-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine (TEAH3), (3-isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane, iron(III) chloride hexahydrate, iron(II) chloride tetrahydrate, oleic acid, safranin O dye, 2-methoxyethanol, triethylamine, methanesulfonyl chloride, hydrochloric acid, N-phenyldiethanolamine, anhydrous acetonitrile, sodium hydride, 4-aminobenzyl alcohol, sodium nitrite, sodium dithionite and all chemicals for the digestive fluids were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Madrid, Spain). Magnesium sulfate, sodium carbonate, and all the analytical-grade solvents were purchased from Scharlab (Barcelona, Spain). Aluminum oxide was acquired from Merck (Madrid, Spain). All products were used as received.
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6

Synthesis of Chalcogenide Nanocrystals

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Selenium (Se, 99.99%), trioctylphosphine (TOP, 97%), trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO, 99%), cadmium acetylacetonate(99.9%), tetradecylphosphonic acid (97%), fluorescein sodium salt (BioReagent Grade), 1-octadecene (90%), hexamethyldisilathiane [(TMS)2S, synthesis grade], diisooctylphosphinic acid (90%), methane sulfonyl chloride (99.9%), triethylamine (99%), sodium bicarbonate (99.7%), sodium azide (99.5%), triphenylphosphine (99%), (±)-α-lipoic acid (thioctic acid, 99%), 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine (DMAP, 99%), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, 99%), sodium borohydride (99%), Celite 577 (fine), and silica gel 60 Å (230–400 mesh) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Zinc formate (98%) and 1-dodecylphosphonic acid (DPA, 95%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether (average MW 750) was purchased from Acros Organic. Hydrogen peroxide (10%), 1-hexadecylamine (HDA, 90%), oleylamine (C18 content 80–90%), nitric acid (TraceMetal Grade), hydrochloric acid (37.1%), anhydrous sodium sulfate (100%), and all solvents were purchased from Acros Organics or Fisher Scientific. An Instrument Calibration Standard 2 (5% HNO3/Tr. Tart. acid/Tr. HF) for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was purchased from Claritas PPT SPEX CertiPrep. All chemicals were used as received.
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7

Synthesis and Characterization of Siloxane-based Macromonomers

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Monomethacryloxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane macromonomers (MCR-M11: Mn ~ 1000 g/mol, nsc 14, and MCR-M17: Mn ~ 5000 g/mol, nsc 70) were obtained from Gelest and purified using basic alumina columns to remove inhibitor. Aminopropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane (DMS-A15, Mn~3,000 g/mol), trimethylsiloxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane (DMS-T72, Mn ~ 500,000 g/mol), and chlorine terminated polydimethylsiloxane (DMS-K05, Mn ~ 425–650 g/mol) were purchased from Gelest and used as received. PEGMA macromonomer (Mn ~ 500 g/mol) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and purified using basic alumina columns to remove inhibitor. Ethylene bis(2-bromoisobutyrate) (2f-BiB), tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me6TREN), Copper(I) chloride (CuCl), Copper(I) bromide (CuBr), triethylamine (TEA), methanesulfonyl chloride, tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine (THPP), Sodium azide, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate, furfuryl isocyanate, maleic anhydride, furan, ethanolamine, isocyanatoethyl methacrylate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Toluene, anisole, isopropanol, dichloromethane (DCM), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were purchased from VWR Chemicals and used as received.
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8

PEG and Pluronic Modification Protocol

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α,ω-Dihydroxy PEG (Mn ~ 1.5 and 10 kDa), α-methoxy-ω-hydroxy PEG (Mn ~ 5 kDa), α,ω-dihydroxy Pluronic® F-127 (Mn ~ 12.6 kDa), α-butoxy-ω-hydroxy PPG (Mn ~ 340 Da), methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl; ≥99.7%), zinc (Zn; granular, 20-30 mesh, ACS reagent, ≥99.8%), triethylamine (TEA; ≥99.5%), ammonium chloride (NH4Cl; ≥99.5%) and deuterated chloroform (CDCl3, 99.8 atom % D) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Hydroxy-terminated 4-armed PEG (Mn ~ 10 kDa) was purchased from creative PEG works. α,ω-Dihydroxy PEG (Mn ~ 35 kDa) was purchased from Fluka. α,ω-Dihydroxy PEG (Mn ~ 4 kDa) was purchased from Ajax. Sodium Azide (NaN3; ≥99%), dichloromethane (DCM), tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were all of analytical grade and were purchased from ChemSupply (Gillman, Australia). Methanol (MeOH) of HPLC grade was purchased from ChemSupply (Gillman, Australia). All reagents were used as received. Ultrapure water with a resistivity of >18.2 MΩ.cm was obtained from a Sartorius Arium Pro ultrapure water system (Göttingen, Germany). Ultrahigh purity argon (99.999%) was purchased from BOC (BOC Gas, Australia).
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9

Preparation and Characterization of Fluorescent Polymeric Nanoparticles

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The following were purchased from Sigma Aldrich: polyethylene glycol) methyl ether MW 750, methanesulfonyl chloride, triethylamine, potassium carbonate, thioacetic acid, 0.5 M sodium methoxide solution, propylene sulfide, acetic acid, calcein, ethyl eosin, dichloromethane, Celite filter cel, activated charcoal powder, anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, methanol, diethyl ether, deuterated chloroform, and sepharose CL-6B. The following reagents were purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific: tetramethylrhodamine-dextran 70 kDa, Texas red-dextran 10 kDa, DiD, Texas red conjugated ovalbumin, Lysotracker green, DAPI, toluene, hexanes, and phosphate buffered saline (1× PBS) tablets (product BP2944). Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) from Salmonella minnesota R595 was purchased from Invivogen. All antibodies and flow cytometry reagents were purchased from BioLegend.
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