Vacuum drying was carried out at three different temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 °C and a vacuum pressure of 100 mbar (Table 1 ) using a Memmert VO 200 vacuum drying oven with a Memmert PM200 pump module (MEMMERT GmbH + Co. KG, Schwabach, Germany). The preparation of the samples for drying was described by Karlović et al. [37 (link)].
Vo 200
Manufactured by Memmert
Sourced in Germany
The Memmert VO 200 is a natural convection oven designed for temperature-controlled incubation and drying applications in laboratory settings. It features a stainless steel interior, digital temperature display, and natural air circulation to maintain a uniform temperature within the chamber.
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Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using vo 200
1
Vacuum Drying of Samples
2
Conduction Drying at Atmospheric Pressure
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Conduction drying at an atmospheric pressure of 1000 mbar was carried out at three different temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 °C (Table 1 ) using a Memmert VO 200 drying oven without Memmert PM200 pump module (MEMMERT GmbH+Co.KG, Schwabach, Germany). The samples were prepared in the same way as the samples for vacuum drying [37 (link)].
3
Atomic Force Microscopy of Synthesized Materials
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MFP 3D BIO atomic force microscope, purchased from Asylum Research/Oxford Instruments was operating in Semi-Contact mode in order to visualize topography of synthesized materials and for the evaluation of flakes’ thickness. Samples for the AFM examination were prepared in the form of water suspension. Such suspension was pipetted mica surface (Ted Pella). Subsequently the samples were stored in a Memmert VO 200 vacuum dryer for 1 h at 50 mbar prior to imaging.
Surface visualization was performed in the ambient conditions (relative humidity of 18% and temperature of 22 °C). AC 160 TS R3 (Olympus) scanning probe (spring constant of c.a. 26 N/m and radius of c.a. 10 nm–according to the microscope’s producer) was mounted in the microscope. Prior to visualization, the scanning probe was calibrated with Auto Tune method in order to set its drive frequency (c.a. 320 kHz). AFM topography images were recorded at 0.6 Hz scan rate. Analysis of the recorded topographical maps were performed using IgorPro ver. 6.17.
Surface visualization was performed in the ambient conditions (relative humidity of 18% and temperature of 22 °C). AC 160 TS R3 (Olympus) scanning probe (spring constant of c.a. 26 N/m and radius of c.a. 10 nm–according to the microscope’s producer) was mounted in the microscope. Prior to visualization, the scanning probe was calibrated with Auto Tune method in order to set its drive frequency (c.a. 320 kHz). AFM topography images were recorded at 0.6 Hz scan rate. Analysis of the recorded topographical maps were performed using IgorPro ver. 6.17.
4
Drying Methods for Robusta Wet Pulps
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Fresh Robusta wet pulps with initial moisture content of around 80% were dried to constant weight under 3 different common drying methods, which can be feasible to apply in the industry, including hot air drying, vacuum drying and low temperature and pressure drying methods. Drying curves were constructed to determine drying time for each condition (data not shown). Frozen samples were thawed overnight at room temperature before drying experiments. For each drying batch, approximately 50 g of sample was placed on aluminium trays with about 1 cm thickness. After completion of drying, the time required and final weight for each condition were recorded. For hot air drying, samples were dried using a hot air dryer (Memmert UM400) set at 70, 90 or 110 °C until a constant weight. For vacuum drying, samples were dried in a vacuum dryer (Memmert VO200) set at 70, 90 and 110 °C under vacuum (3.75 mmHg) until a constant weight. For low temperature and pressure drying (LTP), samples were dried in a dryer designed by the University of Technology and Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam. Drying conditions were set at 40 °C with a vacuum pressure of 0.001–2.5 mmHg.
5
Atomic Force Microscopy Characterization of HAp Nanoparticles
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Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used for topography imaging, surface evaluation at the nanoscale and evaluation of the particle shapes [35 (link)]. The sample preparation protocol was as follows: A water suspension of nanopowder was prepared at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. A droplet of the suspension was dripped onto the surface of a freshly cleaved mica disc (Ted Pella) and left in a vacuum dryer (VO 200, Memmert) for 1 h prior to imaging.
Topography measurements were made in air. 1 µm × 1 µm scans were taken with 0.8 Hz scan rate using a silicon probe (k = 40 N/m, r = 10 nm) from Bruker AFM Probes [36 ]. Image analysis and measurement of length, width and height of the HAp particles was performed with the Gwyddion software [37 ]. The tip-broadening error was removed by using a method described by Kacher and co-workers [38 (link)]. Based on the obtained dimensions, the aspect ratio in three dimensions (3D AR, seeFigure 1 ) was calculated and used for particle-shape evaluation. For a spherical shape, the value of 3D AR approaches 1. A higher value represents a more elongated shape.
Topography measurements were made in air. 1 µm × 1 µm scans were taken with 0.8 Hz scan rate using a silicon probe (k = 40 N/m, r = 10 nm) from Bruker AFM Probes [36 ]. Image analysis and measurement of length, width and height of the HAp particles was performed with the Gwyddion software [37 ]. The tip-broadening error was removed by using a method described by Kacher and co-workers [38 (link)]. Based on the obtained dimensions, the aspect ratio in three dimensions (3D AR, see
6
Structural Analysis of Polymers via FTIR
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FTIR
spectroscopy was used to obtain structural information about the polymers.
Polymers were dried for 24 h at 25 °C in 1 mbar vacuum (VO200,
Memmert, Germany). The measurements were performed using an Alpha
spectrometer equipped with Platinum ATR (Bruker). The polymers were
analyzed over the range of 3800–400 cm–1 and
averaging was over 24 spectra each.
spectroscopy was used to obtain structural information about the polymers.
Polymers were dried for 24 h at 25 °C in 1 mbar vacuum (VO200,
Memmert, Germany). The measurements were performed using an Alpha
spectrometer equipped with Platinum ATR (Bruker). The polymers were
analyzed over the range of 3800–400 cm–1 and
averaging was over 24 spectra each.
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