Malvern mastersizer 3000

Manufactured by Malvern Panalytical

Sourced in United Kingdom

The Malvern Mastersizer 3000 is a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. It measures the size distribution of particles in a sample by analyzing the pattern of light scattered by the particles when a laser beam passes through the sample.

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68 protocols using malvern mastersizer 3000

Particle Size Distribution Analysis

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The particle size distribution of the samples (AG_1%, AG_3%, AG_10%, MG_1%, MG_3%, MG_10%, S_A, and Na_G), and the yolk were monitored using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Instruments, Ltd, Worcestershire, UK) particle size analyzer with a unit of Hydro LV with water as a dispersant. The angular scattering intensity data were analyzed to calculate the size of the particles, creating a scattering pattern using the Mie theory of light scattering. The software calculated the particle size distribution (D_(3,2)). Optical properties of the sample were defined as a refractive index 1.460 and an absorption of 0.1.

Bautista Villarreal M., Gallardo Rivera C.T., García Márquez E., Rodríguez Rodríguez J., Núñez González M.A., Chávez Montes A, & Báez González J.G. (2018). Comparative Reduction of Egg Yolk Cholesterol Using Anionic Chelating Agents. Molecules, 23(12), 3204.

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Alhydrogel Size Distribution and Zeta Potential

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The size distribution of Alhydrogel as a function of lipid A analogue adsorption was determined using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Instruments). First, 6 mL of dH₂O was added to the sample chamber and a background measurement was taken. About 300 μl of Alhydrogel sample was injected for each measurement (Alhydrogel at 1 g/L) for a total light obscuration of ∼10%. A refractive index of 1.57 was used for Alhydrogel in the Mie scattering calculations for size determination. Size distribution of different formulations were reported by volume. Each sample was an average of ten instrumental replicates. Three independent sample measurements were performed. Zeta potential measurements were performed using a Malvern Zetasizer Ultra (Malvern Instruments). One mL of sample was placed in a plastic disposable capillary cell and zeta potential measured with a 632 nm laser in a 173° backscatter configuration. Each sample was diluted 50-fold into water and the final value was an average of six instrumental replicates. The measurement was performed for three independent samples to obtain a standard deviation.

Hu G., Varisco D.J., Das S., Middaugh C.R., Gardner F., Ernst R.K., Picking W.L, & Picking W.D. (2023). Physicochemical characterization of biological and synthetic forms of two lipid A-based TLR4 agonists. Heliyon, 9(7), e18119.

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Characterizing Porogen Size Distribution

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Porogen size distribution was evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Malvern Mastersizer 3000 laser light scattering unit, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, UK). The porogen was dispersed in 100% ethanol and sonicated for 5 min prior to measurement at room temperature (23 °C). The porogen size was also investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JEOL 7001F), after the samples were gold-coated at 30 mA for 75 s using Leica EM-SCD005 gold sputter coater (Wetzlar, Germany).

Shabab T., Bas O., Dargaville B.L., Ravichandran A., Tran P.A, & Hutmacher D.W. (2023). Microporous/Macroporous Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Dental Applications. Pharmaceutics, 15(5), 1340.

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Particle Size Analysis of Spray-Dried Liposomes

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The particle size distribution of spray-dried liposomes was analysed by a laser light diffraction analyser (Malvern Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Panalytical Ltd., UK) equipped with a Hydro EV wet disperser. The powder was dispersed in isopropanol until an obscuration level of 5-10%. The size measurement was carried out on Mie diffraction theory with refractive indexes of 1.56 (particle) and 1.39 (dispersant), rotating speed of 1000 rpm, and 60% ultrasound level (Xu et al., 2019 (link)).

Ang S.S., Thoo Y.Y, & Siow L.F. (2023). Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Apigenin into Small Unilamellar Liposomes Coated with Chitosan Through Ethanol Injection and Spray Drying. Food and Bioprocess Technology.

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Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analysis

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A laser diffraction particle size analyzer (Malvern Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments Ltd., England, UK) was used to assess starch granule size. Distilled water was the dispersant. Starch powder was dispersed in the cavity of the laser analyzer. Once the shading rate reached 8–15%, the particle size was measured three times and averaged.

Guo Z., Zhao B., Chen L, & Zheng B. (2019). Physicochemical Properties and Digestion of Lotus Seed Starch under High-Pressure Homogenization. Nutrients, 11(2), 371.

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Scalmalloy Powder Preparation for LPBF

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A commercial gas-atomized Scalmalloy^® powder supplied by LPW (LPW Technology, Runcorn, UK) was selected for this study. The Scalmalloy^® composition measured by LPW (LPW Technology, Runcorn, UK) is reported in Table 1.
As it is possible to note in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph taken with a Tescan S9000G FIB (Tescan company, Brno, Czech Republic) (Figure 1a), particles present a spherical shape with some satellites. Moreover, the particle size distribution measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK) is reported in Figure 1b together with the Dv₁₀, Dv₅₀ and Dv₉₀ values.
As suggested by Concept Laser, before the LPBF process, the powder was sieved between 20 and 50 μm and then dried at 90 °C for 2 h to remove the residual moisture and improve the flowability. In fact, the correlation between the moisture on the powder surface and a higher hydrogen porosity after the LPBF process has been extensively verified in literature [23 (link)].

Martucci A., Aversa A., Manfredi D., Bondioli F., Biamino S., Ugues D., Lombardi M, & Fino P. (2022). Low-Power Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Scalmalloy®. Materials, 15(9), 3123.

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Particle Size Analysis of FMWC

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The particle size distribution of the FMWC was measured by laser diffraction, using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, United Kingdom) with an automated dry powder Aero S dry dispersion unit, as described by Silva and O’Mahony [33 (link)]. The air pressure and powder feed rate were 1.5 bar and 30%, respectively. Particle refractive and adsorption indices were set at 1.45 and 0.1, respectively, and measurements made at an obscuration setting of 6%. Size measurements are recorded as D₁₀, D₅₀, and D₉₀, whereby 10%, 50%, and 90% of the FMWC particles have a diameter less than the value recorded.

Shevade A.V., O’Callaghan Y.C., O’Brien N.M., O’Connor T.P, & Guinee T.P. (2018). The Proportion of Fermented Milk in Dehydrated Fermented Milk–Parboiled Wheat Composites Significantly Affects Their Composition, Pasting Behaviour, and Flow Properties on Reconstitution. Foods, 7(7), 113.

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Fungal Element Size Analysis

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Fungal elements were measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Instruments, UK) system as reported earlier^{55 (link)}. Briefly, Strains were grown at 28 °C for 18 h (until the biomass reached at least 1 g/Kg), before shifting the temperature to 42 °C for the strains that have to be grown at the restrictive temperature. For each time point where the sizes of fungal elements were measured, 1 ml of the sample was dispersed in tap water for analysis in the Malvern Mastersizer 3000. Tap water was used to minimize bubbles in the measuring prism. Stirring was set at 1800RPM and at least 1% laser saturation was used for stable reading. The 90^th percentile of the particle size distribution, S₉₀ was used as the parameter to measure the average size of fungal element.

Boppidi K.R., Ribeiro L.F., Iambamrung S., Nelson S.M., Wang Y., Momany M., Richardson E.A., Lincoln S., Srivastava R., Harris S.D, & Marten M.R. (2018). Altered secretion patterns and cell wall organization caused by loss of PodB function in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Scientific Reports, 8, 11433.

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Laser Particle Size Analysis of Powders

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The particle size distribution (PSD) of powders was measured using a laser particle size analyzer (Malvern Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK) with laser light scattering from 0.01 mm to 3.0 mm. In total, 5 g of the sample was prepared for the treatment. The PSD survey was conducted automatically through laser diffraction and based on the dry dispersion method. The particle size distribution was presented as d₁₀, d₅₀ (median diameter), and d₉₀, which was referred to as the respective 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile of the total volume (assuming the spherical shape of the particles in the study). According to the formula provided by Dziki et al. [20 (link)], the volume-based size distribution (span) was calculated as

s p a n = \frac{d_{90} - d_{10}}{d_{50}}

Lisiecka K., Dziki D., Gawlik-Dziki U., Świeca M, & Różyło R. (2023). Influence of Soluble Fiber as a Carrier on Antioxidant and Physical Properties of Powders Produced Based on the Spray Drying of Malvae arboreae flos Aqueous Extracts. Foods, 12(18), 3363.

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Measuring Nanogel and Emulsion Droplet Sizes

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Light scattering was used to measure the size distribution of the initial nanogel/microgel particles (dynamic light scattering, DLS) and fresh emulsion droplets (static light scattering, SLS) undergoing in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Aqueous dispersions of WPN and WPDxM was measured using DLS at 25 °C using a Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, Malvern UK) after 100 × dilution in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) at room temperature. Droplet size distributions before and after the in vitro digestion of the emulsion samples were determined using SLS at 25 °C using Malvern MasterSizer 3000 (Malvern Instruments Ltd, Malvern, Worcestershire, UK). The mean particle size of the emulsions was reported as volume mean diameter (d₄₃) as it is more sensitive to droplet aggregation with systems showing bimodal size distribution. Results are based on three measurements on triplicate samples.

Araiza-Calahorra A., Wang Y., Boesch C., Zhao Y, & Sarkar A. (2020). Pickering emulsions stabilized by colloidal gel particles complexed or conjugated with biopolymers to enhance bioaccessibility and cellular uptake of curcumin. Current Research in Food Science, 3, 178-188.

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