Oxypeucedanin

Methanol, water, and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). TFA was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Prim-O-glucosyl-cimifugin (peak 10), cimifugin (peak 19), ubelliferone (peak 21), sec-O-glucosyl-hamaudol (peak 34), psoralen (peak 42), xanthotoxin (peak 44), bergapten (peak 45), oxypeucedanin (peak 48), imperatorin (peak 57), decursin (peak 66), praeruptorin A (peak 73), praeruptorin B (peak 92), and praeruptorin C (peak 98) were purchased from ChemFaces (Wuhan, China).
Sixteen samples of PJ, twenty-seven samples of PP, seven samples of AD, and ten samples of SD were collected from agricultural plantations, natural habitats, and markets in Korea and China, and were also supplied by the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (Table 1). The collected samples were morphologically authenticated by the authors (J.H. Kim and G. Lee). For genetic identification, 20 additional voucher samples were used as standard reference samples (Table 2). All voucher specimens (code No. PNUKM-2021-PJ01–PJ16, PP01–PP27, AD01–AD07, and SD01–SD10) and extracted genomic DNA were deposited at the herbarium of the College of Korean Medicine in Wonkwang University and at the School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University.

Methanol (99.8%), n-hexane (95.0%), ethyl acetate (99.5%), and magnesium chloride hexahydrate (98.0%) were obtained from Duksan (Ansan, Republic of Korea), formic acid (99.0%) from Daejung Chemicals & Metals (Siheung, Republic of Korea), and toluene (99.5%) from Junsei Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Water (HPLC grade), Methanol (HPLC grade), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Standard compounds, oxypeucedanin (98.3%, CFN90350-CFS202201), imperatorin (98.4%, CFN98758-CFS202301), isoimperatorin (98.1%, CFN99107-CFS202201), byakangelicol (99.1%, CFN98167-CFS202301), byakangelicin (99.4%, CFN98152-CFS202201), suberosin (98.8%, CFN98985-CFS202201), and falcarindiol (99.4%, CFN98220-CFS202301) were supplied by Chemfaces (Wuhan, China), xanthotoxin (98.0%, LOT AS01) from TCI (Tokyo, Japan), 2-linoleoyl glycerol (95.0%) from Glpbio (Montclair, NJ, USA), and thymol (98.5%) from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Individual standards were dissolved in Methanol to create solution stocks with a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL.

Imperatorin, isoImperatorin, and oxypeucedanin were purchased from ChemFaces (Wuhan, China; Figure 5). Warfarin as an IS, formic acid, ethanol, and TNBS were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). “MS-grade” water and acetonitrile (Fischer Scientific, Loughborough, UK) were used for the MS analysis and plasma preparation. Raw ADR material was purchased from a local herb market (Yeongcheon, Korea) and stored in the herbarium (registration number #58) of the KM Application Center at the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. An ethanolic extract of ADR, a lyophilized brownish power, was prepared according to Jeong et al. [27 (link)]. The oxypeucedanin, Imperatorin, and isoImperatorin contents in ADR were 6.67, 2.34, and 0.99 mg/g extract, respectively.