Milli q water purifier

Ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (99.98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), thiourea (AMRESCO, Solon, OH, USA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) were used to synthesize the MoS₂ NPs. Potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) (K₃Fe(CN)₆) (approx. 99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) and potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) trihydrate (K₄Fe(CN)₆) (≥99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) solution in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) was used as the electrolyte in this study. EDC and NHS were purchased from Thermo Scientific (≥99.0%, Waltham, MA, USA). Human serum (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), cysteamine (Cys) (≥98.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), gp120 antibody (Sino biological, Wayne, PA, USA), and gp120 antigen (ACRO Biosystem, Newark, DE, USA) were used to fabricate the biosensor. All aqueous solutions were prepared using deionized (DI) water from a Millipore Milli-Q water purifier operating at a resistance of 18 MΩ·cm. Myoglobin (Mb) (≥90.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), hemoglobin (Hb) (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA), thioredoxin (Trx) (Sino biological, Wayne, PA, USA), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) were used to investigate the selectivity of the fabricated biosensor.

Poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (50:50) with molecular weight 40,000–75,000 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP; Av. Mw ~ 55,000) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Indomethacin (IND) was procured from Winlab, UK. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with 17,200 Mw was purchased from AVONCHEM Ltd. (Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK). Dichloromethane (DCM) and chloroform were purchased from PANREAC QUIMICA SA, (Barcelona, Spain) and MERK (Darmstadt, Germany), respectively. Purified water was obtained through Milli-Q water purifier (Millipore, France) system.

Tacrolimus was extracted from expired Prograf 5 mg capsules (Batch # 7241), as previously described^{55 (link)}. Ploy (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide; lactide: glycolide (50:50) (PLGA)) with Mw 30,000–60,000 and Poloxamer-188 were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis MO, USA). Chloroform and dichloromethane (DCM) were purchased from MERK (Darmstadt, F.R. Germany) and PANREAC QUIMICA SA, (Barcelona, Spain), respectively. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Mw 17,200) and acetone were purchased from AVON- CHEM Ltd. (Wellington House, Waterloo St. West, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK). The HPLC grade methanol was obtained from BDH Ltd. (Poole, England). Phosphate buffer saline was obtained from GIBCO, Life Technologies Ltd. (Paisley, Scotland). Acetonitrile (HiPerSolv Chromanorm, HPLC-grade) were purchased from BDH, PROLABO1, LEUVEN, EC. Milli-Q water purifier (Millipore, France) was used for purified water and all other used chemicals were analytical grade and solvents were HPLC grade. Diagnostic kits for creatinine, blood urea, uric acid and potassium (Giesse Diagnostics, Rome, Italy).

CHCl was obtained as a kind gift from Medical Union Pharmaceuticals (Ismailia, Egypt). High-purity, low-molecular weight CS from crab shells in the form of powder, with a degree of deacetylation of 75–85%, and TPP were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (San Diego, CA, USA). Potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium phosphate monobasic and potassium phosphate monobasic were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ, USA), as the chemicals required to obtain phosphate buffer (PB) media for release studies. Methanol and acetonitrile (HPLC grades) and acetic acid (glacial) were acquired from BDH Laboratory Supplies (Poole, UK). Muller–Hinton broth was supplied by Oxoid (Basingstoke, UK). The bacterial strains P. aeruginosa ATCC^® 27853 and S. aureus ATCC^® 25923 were obtained from Pharmaceutical Microbiological Laboratory (King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Purified water was used throughout, and it was obtained by means of a Milli-Q^® water purifier (Millipore, Molsheim, France). All chemicals were of pharmaceutical and analytical grade and were used without further purification.