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7 protocols using mini dialysis kit

1

Synthesis and Purification of ALN-PEG-CSA-90 Conjugate

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CSA-90 was conjugated to the carboxyl terminal of ALN-PEG-COOH using water soluble carbodiimide catalyst. Briefly, EDC.HCl (30 mg, 157 µmol) and CSA-90 (25.5 mg, 36.2 µmol) were added to the solution of ALN-PEG-COOH. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 24 h at room temperature. The resultant ALN-PEG-CSA-90 conjugate (BBA-1) was dialyzed for 24 h using a Mini Dialysis Kit (1 kDa cut-off) obtained from GE Healthcare Bio-sciences, Princeton, NJ, USA (catalogue number 80-6483-94). The goal was to remove any unconjugated CSA-90 and excess of EDC.HCl or any intermediate product formed during the reaction. The purified product was subsequently freeze-dried for use in further studies.
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2

Dialysis of DFCM-FM-3 for Purification

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Dialysis of DFCM-FM-3 was done using a Mini Dialysis Kit (GE Healthcare, UK) to remove small molecules (<1 kD). The dialysis tube and cap were rinsed with distilled water. DFCM-FM-3 was added to the tube. The dialysis tube was inverted into a beaker containing DPBS without antibiotics overnight at 4 °C. The tube was spun in a magnetic stirrer briefly before collecting the dialysed DFCM-FM-3, denoted as DFCM-FM-3 (dialysis).
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3

Recombinant Protein Expression and Purification

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Recombinant GST- or His6-tagged proteins were expressed in and purified from E. coli. The BL21(DE3)pLysS bacterial cells were transformed with pGEX-6P- or pET30-based vectors, cultured, and then exposed to 0.5 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside for 16 h at 10 °C. The cells were then subjected to ultrasonic treatment, and the soluble fraction of cell lysates was purified. The expressed GST-tagged proteins were purified with glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads (Amersham Biosciences) and were eluted from the beads with reduced glutathione. The expressed His6-tagged proteins were purified with Ni-NTA agarose (Wako) and were eluted with imidazole (Wako). Purified proteins were concentrated with an Amicon Ultra device (Merck Millipore, Tokyo, Japan) and dialyzed against PBS with a Mini Dialysis Kit (GE Healthcare).
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4

Pronase E Digestion of Glycoproteins

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Twelve mg of RNase B or 30.6 mg of A. niger secretome dissolved in NH4HCO3 buffer (100 mM, pH 8) were reduced with 10 mM dithiothreitol at 60 °C for 30 min and then alkylated with 40 mM iodoacetamide in the dark at 37 °C for 60 min. With the addition of 1 mM CaCl2, the chemically treated proteins were digested with pronase E from S. griseus (mass of protein substrate/mass of pronase E = 1/1) at 37 °C for 6 h and further digested with newly added fresh pronase E at 37 °C for 18 h. The concentration of the digested peptides was determined using bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. The digestion efficiency was examined by running a gel with the loading amount of 10 μg. The completely or nearly completely digested products were used in the downstream experiments. Portion of the pronase E digest of A. niger secretome was dialyzed with Mini Dialysis Kit (1 kDa cutoff, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pennsylvania) 3 times with the total dialysis time of 17 h.
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5

Recombinant Protein Purification in E. coli

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Recombinant His6-tagged proteins were expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli. The BL21(DE3)pLys bacterial cells were transformed with pET30-based vectors, cultured, and then exposed to 0.5 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside for 16 h at 10°C. The cells were then subjected to ultrasonic treatment, and the soluble fraction of the cell lysates was isolated. The expressed His6-tagged proteins were purified with the use of Ni-NTA agarose (Wako) and were eluted with imidazole (Wako). The purified proteins were concentrated with an Amicon Ultra device (Merck Millipore) and dialyzed against PBS with the use of a Mini Dialysis Kit (GE Healthcare).
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6

Bioconjugation of Peptides and Proteins to Quantum Dots

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An amount of 2 µL water-soluble QD-COOH solution (8 µM CdSe-ZnS) was added to 2.5 mL of phosphate buffer solution (0.0067 M, pH = 7.0–7.2), and then 2 µL of EDC solution (20 mg/mL N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride in PBS) was added to the QDs phosphate buffer solution. A total of 10 µL of peptide or protein solution (10 ng/uL peptides or proteins in PBS) was added to the mixture, which was placed at room temperature for 8 h to promote coupling between the peptides or proteins and QDs. After peptides or proteins binding, excess peptide molecules or proteins were removed using a mini dialysis kit (GE Healthcare, Chicago, FL, USA). Finally, 2 µL of BSA (20 mg/mL albumin from bovine serum in PBS) was added to the mixture, and the mixture was placed at room temperature for another 8 h to block the QDs. Through the above steps, a solution of QDs coupled with peptides or proteins was obtained.
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7

Liposome Preparation and Labeling

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N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAM; Sigma-Aldrich), N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS; Fluka), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB; Sigma-Aldrich), and 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (V50; Fluka) were used as received. Styrene monomer (BASF) was purified on an Al2O3 column prior to use. The following were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC, C44H84NO8P), 1,2-ditetradecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC, C36H72NO8P), and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl) (ammonium salt) (Liss Rhod PE, C68H109N4O14PS2). Alexa FluorTM 488 NHS Ester (C25H15Li2N3O13S2) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Cholesterol (C27H46O), chloroform (analytical grade, ≥ 99.8%), methanol (analytical grade, ≥ 99.9%), Mini Dialysis Kit (molecular weight cutoff, 8 kDa; GE Healthcare) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. MilliQ water was used in all the experiments.
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