16 pc spectrometer

Crystalline phases of SCG polysaccharides were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) as described by Ballesteros, Teixeira, and Mussatto (2014) . The chemical groups and bonding arrangement of constituents present in the polysaccharides were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using a Perkin-Elmer 16 PC spectrometer (Boston, USA) equipped with a diamond-composite attenuated total reflectance (ATR) cell. The measurements were recorded with a wavenumber range from 4000 to 400 cm -1 and 16 scans per sample. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out as previously described (Ballesteros et al., 2014) .

In order to confirm the incorporation of the bioactive compounds into Lf-GMP nanohydrogels, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses were carried out with a Perkin Elmer 16 PC spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA) equipped with an ATR probe in the wavenumber region of 600e4000 cm À1 using 16 scans for each sample. The samples were dried and then embedded in KBr pellets.

FTIR spectra of the oil, BW and organogels samples were determined using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (ATR-FTIR) (Perkin-Elmer 16 PC spectrometer, Boston, USA). FTIR measurements were made in the wavenumber range of 400 and 4000 cm -1 using 2 scans (Vlachos et al., 2006) (link).

The IR spectra of the films were determined using an infrared spectrometer (FTIR) (Perkin Elmer 16 PC spectrometer, Boston, USA), in Attenuated Total Reflectance mode (ATR) between 400 and 4000 cm -1 , using 16 scans at a resolution of 4 cm -1 .

The infrared spectra of the films were determined with a Fouriertransform infrared spectrometer (FTIR; Perkin Elmer 16 PC spectrometer, Boston, USA), based on the method reported by Rubilar, Cruz, Silva et al. (2013) , using the attenuated total reflectance mode. Each spectrum results from 16 scans at 4 cm -1 resolution in the spectral range from 650 to 4000 cm -1 . All readings were performed at room temperature (20 °C). FTIR spectroscopy was used as a tool to investigate the interactions between chitosan and grape seed polyphenols and carvacrol by measuring the absorbance in the 650-4000 cm -1 wavenumber range at 4 cm -1 resolution. In the case of overlapping peaks, deconvolution was performed to calculate the contribution of the individual peaks using Peakfit software version 4.12 (SYSTAT Software Inc., Richmond, CA, USA). Deconvolution was used to estimate the peak area related to the specific vibration. The film spectra were deconvoluted with a smoothing filter of 15%. Each spectrum was baselinecorrected and the absorbance normalized between 0 and 1.

In order to confirm the adhesion of the different coatings, FTIR analyses were carried out with a Perkin Elmer 16 PC spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Boston, MA, USA) in the wavenumber region of 600-4000 cm -1 using 16 scans for each sample. The microcapsules and coated microcapsules were freeze-dried prior to FTIR measurements.

Morphology and crystalline phases of SCG extract and encapsulated phenolic compounds were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively (Ballesteros, Teixeira, & Mussatto, 2014a) . For the SEM analyses, the samples were covered with a very thin film (35 nm) of Au-Pd (80-20 wt%) and the images were obtained by applying an acceleration voltage of 10 kV. For the XRD analyses, the radiation was generated at 25 mA and 35 kV. The scattering angle of 2h from 10°to 100°was measured at the step size of 0.04 and 1 s exposure at each step.
Chemical groups and bonding arrangement of constituents present in the samples were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using a Perkin-Elmer 16 PC spectrometer (Boston, USA) equipped with a diamond-composite attenuated total reflectance (ATR) cell. The measurements were recorded with a wavenumber range from 4000 to 400 cm À1 and 16 scans per sample. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were carried out as described by Ballesteros et al. (2014a) . Briefly, approximately 10 mg of the sample were placed in an aluminium pan and an empty pan was used as a reference. The measurements were carried out between 25 and 600 °C with a linear increase of 10 °C/min, under a nitrogen atmosphere.