Sodium aurothiomalate

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States

Sodium aurothiomalate is a gold-containing compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a crystalline solid that is soluble in water. Sodium aurothiomalate is used in various research and analytical applications where a gold-containing compound is required.

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4 protocols using sodium aurothiomalate

Selol Micellar Solution Protocol

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Selol was synthesized at the Department of Bioanalysis and Drug Analysis at Medical University of Warsaw (Polish Patent 1999). A micellar solution of Selol was prepared ex tempore (based on lecithin, water, and Selol), with a declared selenium concentration of 5 % (w/v).
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), horse serum (HS), penicillin, streptomycin, l-glutamine, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-tiazolilo)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 2′-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2,5′-bi-1H-benzimidazoletrihydrochloridehydrate (Hoechst 33258), TRI-reagent, polyethylenoimine (PEI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium aurothiomalate (SAu), sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), sodium azide, tert-butylperoxide, 2-vinylpyridine, triethanolamine, metaphosphoric acid, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and all other common reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Reagents for reverse transcription (High Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Master Mix) and PCR (Gene Expression Master Mix) were from Applied Biosystems (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).

Dominiak A., Wilkaniec A., Wroczyński P., Jęśko H, & Adamczyk A. (2016). Protective Effects of Selol Against Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in PC12 Cells. Neurochemical Research, 41(12), 3215-3226.

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Antibiotic Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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The N. gonorrhoeae reference strains were obtained from the WHO reference strain panel for global quality assurance and quality control of gonococcal AMR testing^{21 (link),41 (link)}. The rest of N. gonorrhoeae strains used were clinical isolates obtained from the CDC (Supplementary Table 1). The commensal vaginal bacterial strains were obtained from the Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources) (Supplementary Table 2). All chemical compounds used in this study were obtained commercially from chemical vendors: auranofin (Chem-Impex International, Wood Dale, IL), sodium aurothiomalate, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), aurothioglucose (USP reference standard Rockville, MD), ceftriaxone and cefixime (Acros Organics, NJ), and azithromycin (TCI America, Portland, OR).
Difco lactobacilli MRS broth, Brucella base broth and chocolate II agar (GC II Agar with hemoglobin and IsoVitaleX) were purchased from Becton, Dickinson and Company (Cockeysville, MD). Yeast extract and dextrose (Fisher Bioreagents, Fairlawn, NJ), proteose-peptone, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and agarose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), hematin solution, Tween 80, and pyridoxal (Chem-Impex International, Wood Dale, IL) were purchased from chemical vendors.

Elkashif A, & Seleem M.N. (2020). Investigation of auranofin and gold-containing analogues antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Scientific Reports, 10, 5602.

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Synthesis and Evaluation of Oxygenated Xanthones

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Xanthone (1) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and the oxygenated xanthones 2-12, 20 42 and 33 17 were synthesized as described before.
Tyrosinase, L-tyrosine, kojic acid, monosodium phosphate, sodium phosphate dibasic elastase, N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-pnitroanilide, N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-chloro, 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), N- [3-(2-furyl) acryloyl]-Leu-Gly-Pro-Ala (FALGPA), N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (TES) sodium salt, ninhydrin, citric acid, sodium citrate, EDTA, hyaluronidase, hyaluronic acid, calcium chloride, sodium aurothiomalate, potassium metaborate, 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB), sodium acetate, acetic acid, and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Collagenase was supplied by Merck. Tin (II) chloride was obtained from Riedel-deHaën. The water used in all experiments was purified water obtained using a Direct-Q Water Purification System (Merck Millipore) with a reverse osmosis process.

Rosa G.P., Palmeira A., Resende D.I.S.P., Almeida I.F., Kane-Pagès A., Barreto M.C., Sousa E, & Pinto M.M.M. (2021). Xanthones for melanogenesis inhibition: Molecular docking and QSAR studies to understand their anti-tyrosinase activity. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 29.

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Inhibition of Human TRAP by Au(III) Compounds

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Initially, a small library of gold compounds was tested for TRAP inhibition using a TRAP activity assay with recombinant unspecified human TRAP (R&D). The Au(III) compounds [Au(terpy)Cl]Cl₂ (terpy = terpyridine, Auterpy), [Au₂(μ-O)₂(bipy)₂](PF₆)₂ (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine, Auoxo) and [Au(bipyOMe)Cl₂][PF₆] (bipyOMe = 4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine, AubipyOMe) were synthesized as previously described and their purity was confirmed by elemental analysis and showed to be >98%^{47 (link),73 (link),74}. The anti-rheumatic Au(I) compound sodium aurothiomalate and the reference Au(III) complex NaAuCl₄ were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
Inhibitor dilutions were prepared in acetate buffer from freshly prepared stock solutions (10 mM in DMSO). Recombinant unspecified TRAP (1.25 ng/ml, pH 4.5), TRAP5a (150 ng/mL, pH 5) or TRAP5b (150 ng/mL, pH 5.8) were incubated at 37 °C for 30 minutes with PNPP solution [10 mM PNPP, 200 mM sodium acetaat, 300 mM potassium chloride) at the indicated pH at a 1:1 ratio and increasing concentrations of NaAuCl₄ (range 0–40 μM) or Au compounds (range 0–5.1 μM). To stop the reaction, 1M NaOH was added and absorption at 410 nm, with 490 nm as a reference value, was measured using a spectrophotometer.

Boorsma C.E., van der Veen T.A., Putri K.S., de Almeida A., Draijer C., Mauad T., Fejer G., Brandsma C.A., van den Berge M., Bossé Y., Sin D., Hao K., Reithmeier A., Andersson G., Olinga P., Timens W., Casini A, & Melgert B.N. (2017). A Potent Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase Inhibitor to Study the Function of TRAP in Alveolar Macrophages. Scientific Reports, 7, 12570.

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