All research involving animals was approved by The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated from bones of Sprague Dawley rats limbs and cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% FBS and PS (100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. In the control group, BMSCs were inoculated into a 24-well culture plate and were adjusted to a density of 105 cells/ml in co-cultured group. The cell droplets were added dropwise to the material until they were no longer absorbed. After 4 h of incubation at 37 °C, 0.5 ml fresh medium was gently added alongside the wall of the plate, and the osteogenic induction medium was replaced every 2 days.
The murine pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell was purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in α-MEM with 10% FBS and PS (100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator.
The bacterial strains Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC25922 and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC25923 were obtained from ATCC. Unless otherwise specified, all reagents were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).
The murine pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell was purchased from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in α-MEM with 10% FBS and PS (100 units/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin) at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 incubator.
The bacterial strains Escherichia coli (E. coli) ATCC25922 and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC25923 were obtained from ATCC. Unless otherwise specified, all reagents were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA).