All guinea pigs underwent optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of the ocular fundus (SS-OCT, VG200D, SVision Imaging, Ltd., Guangdong, China) without anesthesia. The OCT scans were performed using a star scan pattern centered on the optic disc center. The horizontal and vertical scan images were exported. For each guinea pig, the choroidal thickness was measured in the horizontal (3 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions) and vertical meridians (12 o'clock and 6 o'clock positions) at distances of one and three horizontal disc diameters from the optic disc center. The mean choroidal thickness was calculated as the average of the four measurement points at each distance. Under topical anesthesia, we measured the axial length by ocular ultrasonography (A-scan mode scan; oscillator frequency: 11 MHz; Quantel Co., Les Ulis, France). The ultrasound velocities used were 1557.5 m/s for the cornea and aqueous humor, 1723.3 m/s for the lens, and 1540 m/s for the vitreous cavity.19 (link),20 (link) For each guinea pig, five measurements were performed, and the mean values were recorded. Fundus photography was performed using a wide-field fundus camera (ZEISS CLARUS 500; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany).
Clarus 500
Manufactured by Zeiss
Sourced in Germany, Japan
The Clarus 500 is a high-performance analytical instrument designed for advanced materials characterization. It utilizes state-of-the-art optical and spectroscopic technologies to provide detailed analysis of a wide range of samples.
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Lab products found in correlation
Spectralis oct, by Heidelberg Engineering (2 mentions)
Heidelberg retina angiograph 2, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
Trc 50dx, by Topcon (1 mentions)
Hra2 oct, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
Plex elite 9000, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Spectralis sd oct, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
Visucam, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Spectralis, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
Trc 50ex, by Topcon (1 mentions)
Spectralis, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Spectralis hra oct, by Heidelberg Engineering (1 mentions)
11 protocols using clarus 500
1
Ocular Biometry and Choroidal Thickness in Guinea Pigs
2
Fundus Imaging in Mice
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For fundus examinations, mice were anesthetized with pupils dilated. Fundus photo was taken using a ZEISS CLARUS 500 fundus camera (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). FFA was conducted after intra-peritoneal injection of fluorescein sodium (International Medication Systems, South El Monte, CA, USA) at 2 µL/g body weight. Fluorescent fundus images were acquired through Heidelberg Retina Angiograph 2 (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany).
3
Comprehensive Ophthalmic Examination Protocol
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The conjunctiva, cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, and lens of all eyes were examined by the same deputy chief physician of the ophthalmology clinic using a Zeiss SL30 slit microscope (Carl Zeiss AG). Midorie eye liquid was used to dilate pupils one time for 5 min, three times in total. The pupils were dilated to 8 mm in diameter, and images of the affected eyes were captured with Opel Panorama 200 and Zeiss Clarus 500 (Carl Zeiss AG). The examination results were analyzed by two senior attending physicians with fundus specialty. All eyes were examined with slit-lamp pan retinoscopy (Ocular Mainster Wide Field; Ocular Instruments). All eyes with retinal tears were treated with retinal laser photocoagulation.
4
Comprehensive Evaluation of LVAVA, LIVVA, and LIAVA Haplotypes
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The clinical data of the affected male patients with the LVAVA haplotype, LIVVA haplotype, LIAVA haplotype, and truncation variants were reviewed in detail, including the age of onset, age at examination, chief complaint, other symptoms, and family history. A comprehensive ocular evaluation was performed, including refractive errors, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), color vision function tests (Ishihara plates and Farnsworth-Munsell Dichotomous D-15 Test), axial length, color fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), wild-field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO; Optos, UK, and ZEISS CLARUS 500, Germany), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electroretinography (ERG), in accordance with the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standard.
5
Multimodal Imaging for Macular Conditions
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Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT, HRA2 + OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) was acquired with a minimum acquisition protocol of 20- × 15-degree pattern centered on the fovea constituting of 19 OCT B-scans. FAF and Multicolor® were acquired simultaneously with the same instrumentation. Color fundus photograph (CFP) was obtained with either Clarus 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Version 01 05/2017) or Topcon TRC-50DX (Topcon fundus camera, Tokyo, Japan). FA, ICGA, and/or OCTA were obtained to exclude the presence of any MNV subtypes. OCTA was achieved using either RTVue XR (RTVue XR Avanti, Optovue, Inc., Fremont, CA) equipped with the AngioVue software (version 2017.1.0.151; Optovue Inc) or Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). A 3- × 3-mm or 6- × 6-mm volumetric scan pattern was considered with projection artifact removal. The signal strength cut-off was set ≥ 45 signal strength index (SSI) for RTVue and > 15 Q score for Spectralis OCT.
6
Multimodal Ophthalmic Evaluation and Abdominal Imaging
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Patients underwent ophthalmologic evaluation, including slit lamp examination, widefield color fundus photography, and blue light autofluorescence (CLARUS 500; Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc.), as well as spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis SDOCT; Heidelberg Engineering, and PLEX Elite 9000; Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc.). An abdominal ultrasound — and additional CT in patient 2 — was conducted to exclude cysts of the kidneys and liver fibrosis.
7
Seasonal Variations in Subfoveal Macular Hemorrhage
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The primary objective was to assess the seasonal variations in the occurrence of SMHs. We defined December, January, and February as winter; March, April, and May as spring; June, July, and August as summer; and September, October, and November as autumn. The secondary objective was to analyze the influence of the season of occurrence, arterial hypertension as a concomitant disease, and intake of AC/AP medication on the size of SMH.
The size of the hemorrhage was determined by two expert examiners (JJS and RD) on the basis of fundus photographs on the first day of presentation (VISUCAM, Zeiss, Germany, and CLARUS 500, Zeiss, Germany) and was based on the consensus of the Vision Academy on the Management of Subfoveal Hemorrhage [13 ]:Figure 1 ).
The size of the hemorrhage was determined by two expert examiners (JJS and RD) on the basis of fundus photographs on the first day of presentation (VISUCAM, Zeiss, Germany, and CLARUS 500, Zeiss, Germany) and was based on the consensus of the Vision Academy on the Management of Subfoveal Hemorrhage [13 ]:
▪ Small: hemorrhage size equals 1–≤4 disc diameters
▪ Medium: hemorrhage size equals >4 disc diameters, not extending beyond the vascular arcades
▪ Large: hemorrhage extends beyond the temporal vascular arcades, but not past the equator
▪ Massive: hemorrhage extends past the equator in at least two quadrants
8
Comprehensive Ocular and Sleep Assessment
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Age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, and medical history were collected from all patients included in this study by a physician during the routine admission interview based on a standardized form specific to the SLHE. The patients underwent an ophthalmologic clinical examination, including refractometry, forced-air tonometry, and BCVA assessment using the Monoyer scale. Each patient then underwent ocular imaging using a wide-angle fundus imaging software (Zeiss Clarus 500), optical coherence tomography (OCT, Heidelberg Engineering Spectralis), Enhanced Depth Imaging OCT (OCT-EDI) of the macular region, and OCTA (Zeiss PLEX Elite 9000, version 1.7, Swept-Source OCTA). Refraction (SE), BCVA, intraocular pressure (IOP) by pulsed air, macular thickness, choroidal thickness in the foveolar area, and macular VD and PD were measured in both eyes of each patient. The polysomnography results were reported by the physician in charge of the SLEH 3 weeks after the examination was performed. The data were collected and managed via Erasme Hospital’s secure electronic platform, REDCap.
9
Quantifying Retinal Layer Changes in Diabetic Retinopathy
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For this study, only cases with a complete ophthalmological examination, BCVA by an ETDRS chart, digital 133° color fundus photographs (Clarus 500, Carl Zeiss), and SD-OCT imaging (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) were used. Age, DM duration, and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) were also obtained for each participant.
The evaluation and quantification of the different layers were carried out using the high-density SDOCT raster volume scan of the macula. The macular volume scan consisted of SD-OCT acquisitions (20° × 20°, 49 HR B-scans, 7 frames per scan), 49 raster horizontal B-scans with 1024 A-scans per B-scan and a depth resolution of 3.9 µm. Additionally, hyperreflective retinal spots (HRS), subretinal detachment (SRD), disorganization of the retinal inner layer (DRIL), and other important changes were assessed.
The peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured using a HS circular scan (3,5 mm diameter), centered in the optic disc, for the neurodegeneration assessment.
The evaluation and quantification of the different layers were carried out using the high-density SDOCT raster volume scan of the macula. The macular volume scan consisted of SD-OCT acquisitions (20° × 20°, 49 HR B-scans, 7 frames per scan), 49 raster horizontal B-scans with 1024 A-scans per B-scan and a depth resolution of 3.9 µm. Additionally, hyperreflective retinal spots (HRS), subretinal detachment (SRD), disorganization of the retinal inner layer (DRIL), and other important changes were assessed.
The peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured using a HS circular scan (3,5 mm diameter), centered in the optic disc, for the neurodegeneration assessment.
10
Longitudinal Retinal Imaging of Implanted Device
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In addition to ongoing assessments of ocular health, color retinal photography (fundus) and OCT were obtained throughout the study (Fig. 7 ). Any relative changes to position of the array laterally or axially over time were observed.
Color fundus photographs of the macula and optic nerve head were acquired using a Topcon Medical Systems TRC-50EX (Tokyo, Japan) retinal camera and at some visits additionally with the Clarus 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) widefield retinal camera. Subjects were dilated with topical 0.5% tropicamide and additional 2.5% phenylephrine if required for adequate pupil dilation.
OCT B-scans were acquired using a Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Infrared imaging was used to orientate the single section line scan either horizontally or vertically through the retina and electrode array. For electrodes that could be reliably visualized, electrode-to-retina distances were measured in microns from the center of the electrode to the inner boundary of the retinal pigment epithelium (Fig. 7 C), using the manufacturer-provided Heyex software (version 1.10.20.0).
Color fundus photographs of the macula and optic nerve head were acquired using a Topcon Medical Systems TRC-50EX (Tokyo, Japan) retinal camera and at some visits additionally with the Clarus 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) widefield retinal camera. Subjects were dilated with topical 0.5% tropicamide and additional 2.5% phenylephrine if required for adequate pupil dilation.
OCT B-scans were acquired using a Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany). Infrared imaging was used to orientate the single section line scan either horizontally or vertically through the retina and electrode array. For electrodes that could be reliably visualized, electrode-to-retina distances were measured in microns from the center of the electrode to the inner boundary of the retinal pigment epithelium (
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