Mc 980a

The participants visited the laboratory between 08.30 and 10.30 hours, and all measurements were conducted by trained investigators. Height was measured using a stadiometer (YHS-200D, YAGAMI Inc.). Body weight was measured using an electronic scale (MC-980A, Tanita Corp.), with the participants wearing light clothing and no shoes. BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by the square of the body height (m). Waist circumference was measured at the umbilical region with an inelastic measuring tape at the end of normal expiration to the nearest 0·1 cm.

BMI (kg/m²) was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Fat and muscle mass were determined using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (MC-980A, TANITA, Tokyo, Japan). We measured the waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) to confirm whether the participants displayed the corresponding risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Risk factors for metabolic syndrome were evaluated according to the Japanese standards as follows: abdominal obesity (WC: male ≥ 85 cm, female ≥ 90 cm), high blood pressure (systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg, or a history of hypertension), high fasting glucose (≥110 mg/dL or a history of diabetes), low HDL-C (<40 mg/dL), and hypertriglyceridemia (≥150 mg/dL or a history of hyperlipidemia) [15 (link)]. To measure the amount of daily physical activity (PA) and sleep time, participants were required to wear a Polar A370 fitness tracker based on a wrist-worn three-axis accelerometer model for the entire study period of 7 days [16 (link)]. The number of walking steps, total sleep time, and PA time by intensity (light, moderate, vigorous) were divided into baseline and during the experiment, and the mean values of each were calculated.

Height was measured using a stadiometer (YHS-200D, YAGAMI Inc., Nagoya, Japan). Body weight was measured using an electronic scale (MC-980A, Tanita Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Body weight was measured with the participants wearing light clothing and no shoes. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the body weight (kg) divided by the square of the body height (m).

Whole-body and segmental muscle mass was measured using BIA with a multi-frequency body composition analyzer (MC-780A and MC-980A, Tanita Co., Tokyo, Japan). Subjects were required to stand on the balance scale with bare feet and hold the handles during measurements, which provided whole-body and segmental muscle mass. Muscle mass obtained using BIA has been reported as reliable with a high correlation to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry^{25 (link)}. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was calculated as the sum of the skeletal muscle masses of the arms and legs. Trunk muscle mass was calculated by subtracting the appendicular skeletal muscle mass from the whole-body muscle mass. BMI was calculated by dividing the body weight by the square of the height at the time of the measurement.

Body composition and anthropometric measurements will include body weight, and fat and muscle volumes will be measured using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MC-980A; TANITA Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Height will also be measured.